Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

Abortion is never an easy decision, in fact its iodin of Americas most controversial issues in todays reality, but women have none the less been making that choice for thousands of years. Studies show that about 43% of American women will have one or more abortions during their lifetime, and womens centers and hospitals perform more than a million abortions on an annual basis. Women have many reasons for not abstracted to be pregnant including age, marital status, economic status, and the circumstances of their pregnancy, and thus seek out an abortion. Although many citizens view abortion as an immoral act of barbarity and strongly contest its usage, others believe the choice belongs solely to the mother and the mother alone.The main argument pertaining to abortion is whether or not a fetus is a "person" that is "indistinguishable from the rest of us" and if it deserves rights equal to womens. On this question there is a tremendous spectrum of religious, philosophic al, scientific, and medical opinion, but it all really depends on who you ask. Its been argued for centuries. Fortunately, our society has recognized that each woman must be able to make this decision, based on her own conscience. To impose a law specify a fetus as a "person," granting it rights equal to or superior to a womans, thinking, feeling, conscious human being, is not barely arrogant but absurd. It only serves to diminish a womans value. (Heritage House 76, Inc.)Under the view of pro choice supporters the embryo is not a baby since it can not carry through and live outside the uterus since it receives everything needed to survive from the mothers body. In a sense the fetus dies but it was never living to take off with so it can not be considered an act of murder as pro-lifers would argue. More simply consider acorns and trees. (Robinson) Just as an acorn is a fertilized egg of the oak, that does not make it a tree. Sure it has the potential to become an oak tree , but it has not yet grown to that stage and thus can not be considered one. (Blackmun 78)Putting out laws to prohibit abortions does not necessarily stop it it merely attempts to make it more difficult. When women feel it is absolutely necessary, they will choose to have abortions, even in secret, without medical care, in dangerous circumstances. This only puts the life of the mother at an even greater r... ...the option of deciding when or whether to have children? Or is that a government decision? And who is going to feed and cloth and above all provide a nurturing environment for the growth and development of societys most precious life, certainly not the government. (Planned Parenthood) Thus since the child relies upon the mother for its life, the mother should be entirely in charge of the decisions concerning her life, body, and well being.Activists on two sides speak out everyday in violent and non violent ways to express their opinions concerning the topic. Abortion, now i n the twenty first century has become not only a political debate but a biological and even religious debate. By the basis of the Supreme Court case of roe vs. Wade, in no way should the government deprive a woman of her right to personal liberty (under the Fourteenth Amendment) and her reservation of rights to the people (under the Ninth Amendment) upheld by the constitution of the United States of America. (Herda 54-57) The U.S. is a country or personal freedoms and liberties, and never should it act as a dictator whose powers limit the ability to protect ones self, especially womens reproductive rights.

Albert Einstein :: essays research papers

Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein was born on March 14,1879 in Ulm, Wurttemberg,Germany.He died April 18 1955 in Princeton,NJ.When Einstein was five years archaic his father showed him a sphere.He was very impressed by the behaviorof the needle of the compass,which kept pointing in the same direction nomatter which way the compass was turned.He later said he felt that "Somethingdeeply hidden had to be behind things".After public school in Munich and in Aarau,Switzerland,Einsteinstudied mathematics and physics at the Swiss Polytechnic Institute in Zurich.Hegraduated in 1900.From 1902 to 1909 he worked as an examiner at the Swiss Patent right in Bern.This job as patent examiner gave him a lot of free time,which hespent doing scientific investigations.He became a Swiss citizen in 1905.Einstein like music also.He listened to classical music and played the violin.Hesupported zionism and was asked to be the president of Israel when presidentChain Weizmann died in 1952.He decided not to except,saying that he wasnt rightfor that position.Einstein was never concerned about money.Publishers from allparts of the world offered him huge amounts of money for an autobiography.Henever accepted any of their offers.Einstein was married twice.He was seperatedfrom his first wife after he arrived in Berlin.During World War I he married hisfirst cousin,Elsa.She shared his life with him until she died in Princeton in1936.He had twain sons from his first marriage.He also had two stepdaughters fromhis second marriage.In 1933 while Einstein was visiting England and the UnitedStates the Nazi government of Germany took his property and deprived him of hispositions and his citizenship.Even before this happened he had been asked todirect the school of mathematics in the Institute for Advanced Study inPrinceton,New Jersey.He accepted this position and he directed the school forthe rest of his life.Einstein became an American citizen in 1940.After he tookthe job he moved into a two-st ory house at 112 Mercer St. in Princeton.He livedand worked there until he died.Albert Einstein is best known for his theory of relativity,which hefirst advanced in 1905 when he was 26 years old.Einsteins theory revolutionizedscientific thought with new conceptions of time,space,mass,motion,andgravitation.Einstein laid the basis for splitting the atom by treating mass andenergy as exchangable and not distinct.Einsteins famous equation E=mc2 energyequals mass times the velocity of light squarred became a important foundationin the development of atomic energy.Einstein arrived at his theory by means ofhighly involved mathematical calculations and equations.Einsteins theories wereused in making the atomic bomb.He helped in its making in some other way also.

Infrastructural Warfare and the Conditions of Democracy :: Warfare Violence Essays

Infrastructural Warfare and the Conditions of Democracy When political leaders refer to the September 11th attacks in New York and Washington as contend, what do they mean? It used to be that our concept of war was defined by a set of boundaries. Nation-states fought wars to defend their borders. They fielded armies, and those armies fought along front lines. Soldiers were separate from civilians, and the war machine domain was separate from the civilian domain. Soldiers ran the war from day to day the civilian leadership gave the big orders and sat back. Those boundaries no longer apply, as much order shows (1) If you want to destroy someone nowadays, you get into their infrastructure. You dont have to be a nation state to do it, and if your enemy retains any capacity for retaliation thence its probably better if youre not. (2) Because the fighting is all on television, the fine details of the fighting become political matters. Soldiers complain bitterly slightly politicians i nterference, not fellow feeling that technology has eliminated their zone of professional autonomy. The politicians are *right* to be interfering. (3) The US armament thought that the Republicans would save them from the Democrats boundary-breaching conceptions of the 21st century world, but Donald Rumsfelds abortive renew efforts -- which are really attempts to transpose the traditionally narrow view of military affairs into a science-fiction key -- have only clarified how archaic the traditional conception of warfare really is. (4) During the campaign, George W. Bush harshly criticizied the nation-building activities to which military personnel have been assigned in Kosovo and elsewhere. The truth was that nation-building is a geopolitical necessity in a totally wired world, and that the soldiers themselves *like* serving in Kosovo -- they know that they are doing something useful for once. The nation-building goes on. (5) In the old days, the industry that produced military eq uipment was almost solo separate from the industry that produced civilian equipment. But economies of scale in the production of technology, especially information and communications technologies, have grown so great that the military must buy much of its equipment from the civilian market, even though the civilian equipment is not hardened for military purposes (or even, in the case of computer security, for civilian purposes). (6) fifty-fifty airplane hijackings have lost their old boundaries. It is becoming clear that the people in the plane that crashed in rural Pennsylvania had extensive communications to the ground, and knew about the first attack on the World Trade Center.

Embittered Woman in Great Expectations, A Rose for Emily, and Sunset B

The Embittered Older Woman in Great Expectations, A Rose for Emily, and old Boulevard The character of the delusional, embittered older woman is prevalent in literature and movies. Since Dickens created the memorable leave off Havisham in Great Expectations, she has evolved with the times into many other well-known characters, including Miss Emily in Faulkners A Rose for Emily and Norma Desmond in the film Sunset Boulevard. In each of these incarnations, the woman seeks revenge after a mans lese majesty prevents her from meeting societys expectations of women, but finds no peace in her bitterness and ends up becoming a shriveled shell of the person she once was. By examining how the Miss Havisham archetype has been reinterpreted, one can see how societys expectations of women have changed and how these changes affect the character. In Victorian times, a womans identity and place in society were determined by who she married. The woman was the angel in the house, bringing mor al purity to the household, and often had free time to pursue lighthearted activities such as crocheting and entertain guests. She was also responsible for raising the children and teaching them to be virtuous, as she was. Without marriage, however, a woman had few opportunities, and became a governess, an old maid, or a prostitute, none of which carried oftentimes if any social standing. Thus, a womans greatest fear was to end up without a husband, especially as a result of some event that brought embarrassment or a stain on her character. Miss Havisham has a Victorian womans version of great expectations she is about to become the epitome of the angel in the house, a wealthy wife of high societal status, when her dreams... ... like Estella, who are able to survive those prejudices, even a lifetime of negative experiences, and emerge with strength and hope. though we pity Miss Havisham, Miss Emily, and Norma Desmond, they chose to lock themselves away from the world rather tha n trying to overcome their situations. Perhaps they could have done something more to help themselves, but it seems that they did not try. Perhaps what makes the difference between an Estella and a Miss Havisham is a rose, one person like Pip who cares enough to reach out and excise her hand, and show her that there is hope. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. New York, Penguin Books, 1996. Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. The Story and Its Writer. Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 1996. Great Expectations. Fox, 1998. Sunset Boulevard. Paramount, 1949.

Chinese Footbinding :: essays research papers fc

The ancient Chinese custom of footbinding caused severe life-long suffering for the Chinese women involved. When researching the subject of footbinding, ane of the difficult things is finding factual knowledge written before the 20th century. Most of the historical data has been gathered from writings, drawings and photographs from the 19th and 20th centuries. Additionally, the research indicates that the historical documentation was mainly from missionary accounts and literature from several(a) anti-footbinding societies. These groups had a bias because of their opposing viewpoints. The first documented reference to footbinding was from the S tabuhern flavor Dynasty in Nanjing (Vento 1). Although the history of footbinding is very vague it lasted for at least wholeness thousand years.Early text referred to the Han Dynasty as people who preferred that the women have small feet (Vento, 1). Vento also acknowledged the first documented reference to actual binding of the feet was f rom the Tang Dynasty in Nanjing (1). Before the Sung Dynasty Binding was only slightly constricting, allowing for free movement, they were also thought to have used footbinding to suppress women. The Yuan Dynasty introduced binding into the commutation and southern parts of China. It may have been emphasized to draw a clear cultural distinction between the Chinese and their large footed conquerors, the Mongols. Footbinding was or so popular during the Ming Dynasty, if parents cared for their sons they would not go easy on their studies and if they cared for their daughters they would not go easy on their footbinding (Levy, 47-49). One recent study estimated that there are however one million women in China with bound feet. The last Chinese women, still living with bound feet in Hawaii, was in 1994 (Kam, D-6).There are many legends of how footbinding began, one such legend is Lady Yao, a dancer and concubine for Prince Li Yu, danced with such grace that the prince required her to b ind her feet to resemble new moons all the time. Another, is that it began out of the sympathy for Empress Taki who had club feet (Aero, 112-113). Although it has not been proven how footbinding started, one of the biggest reasons the practice continued for over 1000 years was its sexual appeal (Kam, D-1).Humans have shown they will do just about anything- good, evil, or in-between for sex. Footbinding is a very bold issue that many Chinese do not like to talk about.

Chinese Footbinding :: essays research papers fc

The ancient Chinese custom of footbinding caused severe life-long suffering for the Chinese women involved. When researching the subject of footbinding, bingle of the difficult things is finding factual knowledge written onwards the 20th century. Most of the historical data has been gathered from writings, drawings and photographs from the 19th and 20th centuries. Additionally, the research indicates that the historical documentation was mainly from missionary accounts and literature from various anti-footbinding societies. These groups had a bias because of their opposing viewpoints. The first documented reference to footbinding was from the Southern Tang Dynasty in Nanjing (Vento 1). Although the history of footbinding is very vague it lasted for at least one molarity years.Early text referred to the Han Dynasty as people who preferred that the women have small feet (Vento, 1). Vento also acknowledged the first documented reference to actual binding of the feet was from the Tan g Dynasty in Nanjing (1). Before the Sung Dynasty Binding was only slightly constricting, allowing for free movement, they were also thought to have used footbinding to suppress women. The Yuan Dynasty introduced binding into the central and Confederate parts of China. It may have been emphasized to draw a clear cultural distinction between the Chinese and their large footed conquerors, the Mongols. Footbinding was most frequent during the Ming Dynasty, if parents cared for their sons they would not go easy on their studies and if they cared for their daughters they would not go easy on their footbinding (Levy, 47-49). One recent study estimated that there are still one million women in China with bound feet. The last Chinese women, still living with bound feet in Hawaii, was in 1994 (Kam, D-6).There are many legends of how footbinding began, one such(prenominal) legend is Lady Yao, a dancer and concubine for Prince Li Yu, danced with such grace that the prince required her to bin d her feet to resemble new moons all the time. Another, is that it began out of the intellect for Empress Taki who had club feet (Aero, 112-113). Although it has not been proven how footbinding started, one of the biggest reasons the practice continued for over 1000 years was its sexual appeal (Kam, D-1).Humans have shown they will do average about anything- good, evil, or in-between for sex. Footbinding is a very bold issue that many Chinese do not like to talk about.

Why Kellogg

Why have you elected to apply to the Kellogg School Executive MBA Program My ambition is to enhance my knowledge in ball-shaped strategy, eEntrepreneurship, and marketing, and buildwhile building strong relationships with successful leaders and innovative thinkers worldwide. and I want truly wish to learn from the school that has been consistently ranked No. 11 in for Executive MBA programs due to for the quality of its faculty members, students and teaching methods.Kellogg is my first choice because it uncompromisingly addresses real life aspects of business. The way the learning archetype is organized through (interactive means as study groups, analysis of actual real- life business cases, classes and workshops) provides the ideal learning environment for people those who may havewith an come across to share. At Kellogg, the emphasis is put on the team work.Curriculums, a perfect combination of theory and practice, are is updated with current techniques and technologies, and mor eover, can receive inputs from studentsinput from students is welcome. I take account the fact that Nnearly every single professor in Kelloggs EMBA program is the author of the famous bookshas authored a book, among and they are all being a true(p) pi unmatcheders in their field.The current EMBA curriculum emphasis on gGeneral mManagement and along with an excellent choiceexcellent options for of globular electives (such as gGlobal initiatives in mManagement) will enhance my knowledge in global markets. All these things will help me formulateing an effective global sStrategy for the product development at SyncadaXXXXX. My long- term career goals and establishing my own in Ccompany in eE-commerce requires me to sell my ideas efficaciously to the prospective customers.Marketing, Kelloggs best-known strength, will put me at aon a fast track to achieve my these goals. Kelloggs worldwide nNetwork is huge and nearly one third of its alumni reside outside North America and I want explo it it one I wish to to build upon . I would like to and call forth relationships with influential leaders across the world. Finally, the city of Chicago is a serious plus that will put me in the heart of one of the worlds business capital. The law of proximity to the Minneapolis is always plus for me to reduce my travel time to Kellogg.

Posada Amazonas

Problem The commoners appear to suffer disproportionately from problems related to inebriant abuse (such as absenteeism, drunkenness, and theft). This hinders the Posada Amazonas smooth operation and its ability to improve service quality and occupancy. In fact, in any given year, turnover can easily reach 50%, with as many as six people leaving. settlements (1) Design and implement health-related programs to improve the well-being of the commoners. The communitys governing body will reenact new rules and policies aimed at reducing alcohol abuse by, for example, passing resolutions prohibiting alcohol use among any employee of Posada Amazonas the day before any employee is scheduled to work. * Train a group of new community leaders to address substance abuse and other health issues facing the community. * Form committees to work on strategic plans addressing alcohol abuse. By form coalitions, the community can work together to solve health issues. (2) Create activities in each of the following primary areas * Public sentience/Community-Wide Prevention.Draw on native cultural traditions in the hopes that as people identify more with their heritage, they will be less likely to abuse alcohol or other substances. * Early Identification and Treatment. Create projects that seek to intervene with those at high risk. * Alcoholism Treatment and Aftercare. Focus on providing options for commoners returning from treatment, such as support groups and entering training programs. These programs will be funded by the net profit paid to the Eseeja community by the Posada Amazonas project.If turnover can be eliminated, Posada Amazonas could lay down a working team to ensure a smooth operation for the lodge. Problem Posada Amazonas approach to integrating the lodge into the community and how it trains and prepares the commoners for their jobs needs to be reevaluated. Solution Maintain and increase the commoners involvement and stake in the lodge. The commoners form an integ ral part of the community, although their customs and attitudes toward vary somewhat from those of Rainforest Expeditions.This can be consummate through * Revised training methods and participation of indigenous community members in all lodge positions that will be more in line with their market-gardening and values. * Community participation in all aspects of project design, management, and operations. * Combining wildlife conservation, management, and research practices to develop local natural attractions. * Monitoring and evaluation of the economic, ecological, and social impacts of tourism on the area and community * Enhancing and preserving indigenous cultural values.

Company: Delta Airline

Company Delta Airline 1. What are the major contrast processes, i. e. operations, the organisation carries out? Here I did selected Delta Airlines as a fellowship for my research. This confederation is providing a wide range of the air traffic facilities in different parts of the world. In other talking to we rat advance that there are somewhat(prenominal) operational routs of this airline gild and all the routes are very much beneficial. other uniqueness of this company is a verity of airplanes including airbuses and jumbo etc.At this time the company owns more than seven hundred different aeroplanes of different size and capacity. Delta Airline is providing facilities to the mountain of the world to more from one place to another by air. The services and facilities of the company are very helpful for the passengers and in any case this company is providing enough tax revenue for the development of different airports and overly in air traffic control clay. They are a lso providing different types of devices and scanners for checking the bags and other luggage of the passengers on the airport.List the education arrangements that are used to automate these processes. The training dodging of the delta airline is governed at different levels and stages. For managing all the data and data the company is using some E-commerce platforms and these platforms are using different techniques to gather the knowledge of the profession process. And according to the requirements of the company these systems are providing manipulated and organized data for different purposes.Company is using different entropy systems to manage and boost their business accordingly. First of all they are using an online website for complete details and datas. They are also using the ERP system to complect different business process and locations. Explain how ONE of these cultivation systems is used to automate one of the processes. ERP is the main and very important i nformation system and this system is working in different offices of the company and this system is managing the internal activities, procedures and accounts of the company.The whole working of the company is computerised and for this purpose they are using an ERP system to manage the business transactions and more other business procedures. This ERP system is managing all the internal and external working of the company and now the managers and other admin related people can get daily, weekly, monthly and annual reports of the business. How much they are investing and what is their outcome. And also which rout is more beneficial and which rout is facing lose.This system can also mange the internal accounts of the company, like different salary packages, sales and purchase etc. Hence, we can say that this information system is providing a complete access and functionality to manage the working and business of the company Describe one complete situation in which an end user uses thi s information system. Your description should be a textual narrative (in English), i. e. do not use diagrams.By using website (information system) the customers can get their required information and other inquires easily and accurately. By using this information system (website) the users can navigate their bookings and also they can confirm their seats by selecting source and destination. This website is also providing different guidelines and offers to the customers. This information system is completely managing the business of the company, because a complete backend system is working behind this website and this system go out collect all the informations.By using this backend system the managers can easily get their required reports and information about the business direction and trends. Who heads the development (or heads procurement decisions) of information systems in the organisation? Who is doing the planning, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance? The CEO of the company is working as head for making all the decisions about the development of the company and also there is complete chain of different management posts and everybody is modify for achieving a single goal.The IT manager of the company is managing all the activities about the information system and for this purpose he is directly connected all the sub offices and departments of the company. In other words, the IT manager is controlling all the procedures and activations from the head office of the company. He is the also responsible for planning and analysis of the information system of the company and the good and human resource department is designing, implementing and maintaining the information system and other decisions of the company.In other words we can say that the IT manage is disposal the information system in the company. Discuss the system development methodology used? If information systems are acquired from off-the-shelf products, what is the process of proc urement that is used in the organisation? The information engineering always require changes and updation time to time, because new technologies and techniques are coming in the market, thats why, it is essential for the business organizations and companies to change and upgrade their information technology systems.Similarly, the requirements of the people and customers are also being changed with the passage of time and to fulfil the requirements of the customers companies are looking to change and upgrade their information technology system and environment. The information system is very important for the professional and accurate working of the company and this information system is also increasing the working capacity of the company and on the other hand this information system is reducing their communication cost.Similarly, this information system is also increasing the business revenue of the company. In this type of business, information system can really help out the company to manage their activities more professionally and accurately, because they are operating in different countries and they need to interlink and integrate their whole business under one platform and information system is providing this platform to interconnect all the locations and departments. Hence, we can say that the information system for the Delta Airline is very important and beneficial.Yes, the companies want to upgrade their information system structure, because the market of the information is changing and also the preferences of the customers are also changing. When we look at the information technology infrastructure of the Delta Airline then we come to know that their structure is changing due to the requirements of the customers. Now the customers wants to book and confirm the seat online and also they want to get many other inquires about the operations and timings of the flights and other rules and regulations.Now this is the very important of the company to provide this facility to the customers to get revenue, thats why, they provided all these facilities and functionalities to compete with other airlines. Also their business strategies and preferences are also being changed and to fully accomplish the overall conditions they need to change their information system infrastructure. The up gradation in the IS (information system) infrastructure will help out the companies to increase their revenue and also the customer satisfaction will also increase.Another main benefit of this strategy is the value and survival in the market, because the companies can only survive with changes in their business strategies and in technology infrastructure. This strategy will not cost them very much, because they have a complete platform and infrastructure and they only need to upgrade the system with some new technologies and techniques. Discuss, in detail, the data collection techniques you used to coif the above questions.I did use many different data colle ction techniques to complete this research and to answer these questions. The books and online searching technique is providing a wide range of different information about the company. The web site of the company contains complete history, business process, business strategies and many other important information and data about the company. Another technique which I did use for the collection of the data was the online search about the operations and information system of the company.And also, I contact with employees of the company to get the information about their managerial layers and also about the managerial activities and responsibilities. I also interview some other people and customers of the compony to get the information about the business activities and also about the information system of the company. In other words we can say that I did collect the information and data by using many different strategies and techniques. Give the details of the people you interviewed to answer the above questions.Include examples of the questions you asked to answer these questions For of all I ask some questions to the customers of the company about the services and operations of the company and how they are getting their required information and services from the company. For example, How the company is providing the facilities and services online? Are you satisfied with the Information system of the company? How they are managing feedbacks and requests?The management and human resource department of the company is very helpful, because I asked many questions to the human resource agents of the company about their activities and information system activation. For example, How many information systems are working in the company? What is the management level and who is governing the information system of the company? What are the main operations and service of the company? Approximately, I interview more than ten people including the customers and employees of the company for answer and completing this research.

Representation and Stuart Hall’s the Other

Representation connects pith and terminology to culture. Theories nigh how LANGUAGE is uptake to represent the creative activity * the reflective, Does manner of speaking obviously reflect a consequence which already exists out there in the world of objects, people and events? * the intentional Does linguistic communication express barely what the speaker or writer or painter wants to regularise, his or her soulfulnessally intended importee? * the constructionist Or is meaning constructed in and through row? this perspective has had the most evidential impact on cultural studies in recent years.Two major variants or models of the constructionist start the semiotic approach (Ferdinand de Saussure) and the discursive approach (Michel Foucault). It is simple enough to deliberate how we might form beliefs for things we can perceive -people or material objects, like chairs, tables and desks. But we also form concepts of rather obscure and abstract things, which we cant in every simple substance see, feel or touch. Think, for example, of our concepts of war, or death, or friendship or love.And, as we redeem remarked, we also form concepts about things we never have seen, and possibly cant or wont ever see, and about people and places we have plainly made up. We may have a clear concept of, say, angels, mermaids, God, the Devil, or of promised land and Hell. Culture Now it could be the slick that the conceptual map which I carry around in my head is totally diametrical from yours, in which case you and I would interpret or make grit of the world in totally different tracks. We would be incapable of sharing our thoughts or expressing ideas about the world to each other.In fact, each of us probably does understand and interpret the world in a unique and individual way. However, we be able to guide because we serving broadly the same conceptual maps and indeed make sense of or interpret the world in roughly similar ways. That is indeed what it means when we say we give way to the same culture. Because we interpret the world in roughly similar ways, we ar able to build up a divided up culture of meanings and thus construct a neighborly world which we inhabit together. That is why culture is sometimes defined in footing of SHARED MEANINGS/CONCEPTUAL MAPS.However, a shared conceptual map is not enough. We must also be able to represent or exchange meanings and concepts, and we can only do that when we also have devil to a shared talking to. LANGUAGE is therefore the second system of copy involved in the overall mold of constructing meaning. At the heart of the meaning process in culture, then, are devil related systems of representation. The first enables us to give meaning to the world by constructing a set of correspondences or a cosmic string of equivalences among things -people, objects, events, abstract ideas, etc. and our system of concepts, our conceptual maps. The second depends on constructing a set of correspondences in the midst of our conceptual map and a set of signs, arrange or nonionized into various languages which stand for or represent those concepts. The relation between things, concepts and signs lies at the heart of the production of meaning in language. The process which relate these three elements together is what we call representation. 1. 2 Language and representation Sheep, cartoon and abstract painting. Visual signs are what are called iconic signs.That is, they bear, in their form, a accredited resemblance to the object, person or event to which they refer. Written or spoken signs, on the other hand, are what is called indexical. 1. 3 Sharing the work outs The question, then, is how do people who belong to the same culture, who share the same conceptual map and who speak or write the same language (English) know that the arbitrary combination of earn and sounds that makes up the rallying cry, TREE, will stand for or represent the concept a large plant t hat grows in nature? The meaning is not in the object or person or thing, nor is it in the word.It is we who localize the meaning so firmly that, after a while, it comes to seem natural and inevitable. It is constructed and hardened by the CODE, which sets up the correlation between our conceptual system and our language system. Codes fix the relationships between concepts and signs. They stabilize meaning within different languages and cultures. One way of thinking about CULTURE is in terms of these shared conceptual maps, shared language systems and the codes which govern the relationships of translation between them.This translatability is not given by nature or fixed by the gods. It is the consequence of a set of social conventions. To belong to a culture is to belong to roughly the same conceptual and linguistic universe, to know how concepts and ideas translate into different languages, and how language can be interpreted to refer to or reference the world. To share these t hings is to see the world from within the same conceptual map and to make sense of it through the same language systems. Inuit and English terms of snowy weather Does this necessarily mean they experience the snow differently? . 4 Theories of representation Reflective approach meaning is thought to lie in the object, person, idea or event in the real world, and language functions like a mirror, to reflect the true meaning as it already exists in the world. As the poet Gertrude Stein once said, A rose is a rose is a rose. In the fourth century BC, the Greeks used the notion of mimesis to explain how language, even drawing and painting, mirrored or imitated Nature they thought of Homers great poem, The Iliad, as imitating a heroic series of events.So the theory which says that language works by simply reflecting or imitating the truth that is already there and fixed in the world, is sometimes called mimetic. And if someone says to me that there is no such word as rose for a plant in h er culture, the actual plant in the garden cannot resolve the failure of communication between us. Within the conventions of the different language codes we are using, we are both right -and for us to understand each other, one of us must learn the code linking the flower with the word for it in the others culture.Intentional approach. (the opposite case. ) It holds that it is the speaker, the author, who imposes his or her unique meaning on the world through language. Words mean what the author intends they should mean. Again, there is some point to this argument since we all, as individuals, do use language to convey or communicate things which are special or unique to us, to our way of seeing the world. However, as a widely distributed theory of representation through language, the intentional approach is also flawed.We cannot be the sole or unique source of meanings in language, since that would mean that we could express ourselves in entirely private languages. But the essence of language is communication and that, in turn, depends on shared linguistic conventions and shared codes. Language can never be wholly a private game. Our private intended meanings, however personal to us, have to enter into the rules, codes and conventions of language to be shared and understood. Language is a social system through and through.This means that our private thoughts have to negotiate with all the other meanings for words or images which have been stored in language which our use of the language system will inevitably trigger into action. Constructivist approach The third approach recognizes this public, social character of language. It acknowledges that neither things in themselves nor the individual users of language can fix meaning in language. Things dont mean we construct meaning, using representational systems concepts and signs.We must not confuse the material world, where things and people exist, and the emblematic practices and processes through which repr esentation, meaning and language operate. Constructivists do not deny the existence of the material world. However, it is not the material world which conveys meaning it is the language system or whatever system we are using to represent our concepts. It is social actors who use the conceptual systems of their culture and the linguistic and other representational systems to construct meaning, to make the world meaningful and to communicate about that world meaningfully to others.Representation is a practice, a kind of work, which uses material objects and effects. But the meaning depends, not on the material quality of the sign, but on its symbolic function. It is because a particular sound or word stands for, symbolizes or represents a concept that it can function, in language, as a sign and convey meaning or, as the constructionists say, signify (sign-i-fy) 1. 5 The language of traffic lights We represent or symbolize the different colors and classify them according to different colour-concepts.This is the conceptual colour system of our culture. We say our culture because, of course, other cultures may divide the colour spectrum differently. Whats more, they certainly use different actual words or letters to identify different colours what we call red, the French call rouge and so on. This is the linguistic code -the one which correlates certain words (signs) with certain colours (concepts), and thus enables us to communicate about colours to other people, using the language of colours.But how do we use this representational or symbolic system to regulate the traffic? Colours do not have any true or fixed meaning in that sense. vehement does not mean Stop in nature, any more than Green means Go. In other settings, Red may stand for, symbolize or represent Blood or Danger or Communism and Green may represent Ireland or The Countryside or Environmentalism. Even these meanings can change. In the language of electric plugs, Red used to mean the connection wi th the positive charge but this was arbitrarily and without explanation changed to brownBut then for many years the producers of plugs had to attach a s1ipof paper telling people that the code or convention had changed, otherwise how would they know? Red and Green work in the language of traffic lights because Stop and Go are the meanings which have been assigned to them in our culture by the code or conventions governing this language, and this code is widely known and almost universally obeyed in our culture and cultures like ours though we can well imagine other cultures which did not possess the code, in which this language would be a complete mystery.Does it matter which colours we use? No, the constructivists argue. This is because what signifies is not the colours themselves but (a) the fact that they are different and can be distinguished from one another and (b) the fact that they are organized into a particular sequence. What signifies, what carries meaning is not each col our in itself nor even the concept or word for it. It is the difference between Red and Green which signifies. If you couldnt differentiate between Red and Green, you couldnt use one to mean Stop and the other to mean Go. The simplest way of marking difference is, of course, by means of a binary opposition. Saussures revolutionary proposition = a language consists of signifiers, but in fellowship to produce meaning, the signifiers have to be organized into a system of differences. It is the differences between signifiers which signify. ) In principle, any combination of colours like any collection of letters in written language or of sounds in spoken language would do, provided they are sufficiently different not to be confused.Constructionists express this idea by saying that all signs are arbitrary. Arbitrary means that there is no natural relationship between the sign and its meaning or concept. Signs are arbitrary. Their meanings are fixed by codes. Since Red only means Stop because that is how the code works, in principle any colour would do, including Green. It is the code that fixes the meaning, not the colour itself. This also has wider implications for the theory of representation and meaning in language. It means that signs themselves cannot fix meaning.Instead, meaning depends on the relation between a sign and a concept which is fixed by a code. message is relational. 1. 6 Summary Representation is the production of meaning through language. Constructionists argue we use signs, organized into languages of different kinds, to communicate meaningfully with others. Languages can use signs to symbolize, stand for or reference objects, people and events in the so-called real world. But they can also reference imaginary things and fantasy worlds or abstract ideas which are not in any obvious sense part of our material world.There is no simple relationship of reflection, imitation or one-to-one correspondence between language and the real world. The w orld is not accurately or otherwise reflected in the mirror of language. Language does not work like a mirror. Meaning is produced within language, in and through various representational systems which, for convenience, we call languages. Meaning is produced by the practice of representation. It is constructed through signifying i. e. meaning-producing- practices. How does this take place? In fact, it depends on two different but related systems of representation.First, the concepts which are formed in the mind function as a system of mental representation which classifies and organizes the world into meaningful categories. If we have a concept for something, we can say we know its meaning. But we cannot communicate this meaning without a second system of representation, a language. Language consists of signs organized into various relationships. But signs can only convey meaning if we possess CODES which allow us to translate our concepts into language -and vice versa. These codes are crucial for meaning and representation.They do not exist in nature but are the result of social conventions. They are a crucial part of our culture our shared maps of meaning -which we learn and unconsciously internalize as we become members of our culture. Meaning is not fixed. For many centuries, western societies have associated the word BLACK with everything that is dark, evil, forbidding, devilish, dangerous and sinful. Yet wisdom of black people in America in the 1960s changed after the phrase Black is Beautiful became a popular slogan -where the signifier, BLACK, was made to signify the fine opposite meaning (signified) to its previous associations.In Saussures terms, Language sets up an arbitrary relation between signifiers of its own choosing on the one hand, and signifieds of its own choosing on the other. Not only does each language produce a different set of signifiers, articulating and dividing the continuum of sound (or writing or drawing or photography) in a d istinctive way each language produces a different set of signifieds it has a distinctive and thus arbitrary way of organizing the world into concepts and categories (Culler, 1976, p. 23).

Famine & Poverty and Famines Essay

The phenomenon of famine has been widely described and analyzed in socio-political literature. The topic has been considered a controversial one in terms of its comment and its definitive features. In a recent re view of the concept of famine, Poverty and Famines,Amartya Sen retains trigger off of classical vision on famine offered by Malthus, distinguishing regular starvation, which is a normal feature in many parts of the world, from violentoutbursts of famine, a particularly virulent determine of starvation causing widespreaddeath (Sen, 38-39). USAID defines famine as a catastrophic food crisis that results in widespread acute malnutrition and mass mortality (USAID, 2002). Proper definition of famine matters not only in terms of labeling an event after the fact, but also in terms of how humanitarian organizations and governments respond to crises as they be happening. Maxwell points out that this is in large part because of the emotional weight the term famine has come to carr y (Maxwell, 49).Humanitarian workers spent a abundant amount of time arguing about whether or not to call the 2002-2003 crisis in Ethiopia, ostensibly affecting over 13 million people, a famine. trade it a famine would have stepped up the international response, but it might also be perceived as crying wolf, which would have a injurious effect on organizations abilities to obtain resources for emergency responses in the long run. Aid agencies want to avoid using the term famine too often because they have-to doe with about compassion fatigue or donor fatigue essentially that donors will be less likely to support emergency efforts if there argon too many emergencies. there are also political implications for using the term famine, as can be seen in the case of the 2005 crisis in Niger, which chair Mamadou Tandja insisted was a fabrication of relief agencies to obtain more funding (Sengupta, 2005). Aid agencies likewise were reluctant to apply the term famine, and referred inste ad to pockets of severe malnutrition, in part because they didnt want to alienate Tandja (Sengupta, 2005).The general discussion in literature indicates that number of deaths, scale, intensity and time frame were main considerations for when to call something a famine. There also is a consensus that lack of access to food had to be the main problem, to distinguish a famine from other types of humanitarian crises.For instance, the 1984/85 famine in Ethiopia was unanimously considered a famine. Iraq in the 1990s was not, mainly because the time-frame was too long for a famine and many deaths were the result of a health crisis, not calorie-related (IDS, 3). Ethiopia in 1999/2000 was probably a famine, but Malawi in 2002 represented a famine-threat, rather than a true famine because too few people died (IDS, 3). In the latter(prenominal) case, the mortality was estimated between 500 and 3,000, and estimates were complicated by the prevalence of HIV/AIDS thus, it was difficult to attribu te deaths specifically to hunger and hunger-related diseases.WORKS CITEDInstitute of breeding Studies. Report on Operational Definition of Famine Workshop.Sussex, UK Institute of Development Studies, March 14, 2003Maxwell, D. Why do famines persist? A brief review of Ethiopia 1999-2000. IDS Bulletin,33 (4), 48-54, 2002Sen, A. Poverty and famines An essay on entitlement and deprivation. Oxford ClarendonPress, 1981Sengupta, K. President Tandja The people of Niger look well fed, as you can see. TheIndependent, August 10, 2005United States Agency for International Development. USAID background piece Famine.Washington, DC USAID, 2002. Retrieved July 8, 2009, fromhttp//www.usaid.gov/press/releases/2002/02fs_famine.html

Key Aspects of Surrealism Inaugurated by Max Ernst

Key Aspects of Surrealism Inaugurated by ooze Ernst Amrit Johal, 301102319 FPA 111 D109 (Anna-Marie) Research Essay, Fall 2010 max Ernst, an inventive artificeist and unity of the pioneers of the Surrealist movement, was up to(p)-bodied to envision the ideas of Surrealism to his audience in a very efficient manner. Surrealism is a discipline, which allows one to think like a child and create art that brings you to a dream-like call down.Ernst was able to accomplish this by creating images one can only imagine seeing in a dream, such as his Angel of Heart and Home series. As easily as by piecing things together which would not typically be put together (collages), such as his Oedipus Rex. Ernsts work, Oedipus Rex(1922) and Lange du third domicil(1937), are of import works of art for the Surrealist movement andinaugurated many a(prenominal) of the important characteristics associated with Surrealist art. Surrealism Surrealism is a cultural movement and artistic style that em erged in 1924 in the hands of Andre Breton.Surrealism style uses optic imagery from the subconscious legal opinion to create art without the intention of logical comprehensibility. Breton defines Surrealism as a psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to gestate verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner the actual reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral denote (Breton in Harrison, 2003, pg. 452). It is meant to bring the viewer to a dream like state, where a horse whiz of freedom can be achieved, as it would in childhood.Breton said that the mind which plunges into Surrealism relives with glowing excitement the best part of its childhoodit is childhood where everything nevertheless conspires to bring about the effective, risk-free possession of oneself (Breton in Harrison, 2003, pg. 452). He says that it is Surrealism that gives you a game chance to be like a child, it is another opportunity. Although Surrealism, in a sense, emerg ed from pop, the two practices are different in many ways. Dada took an anti-art stance, avoiding repetition and so the creation of a style.Although it did not seek a common style, Surrealism, however, had none of the nihilism of the earlier movement but was concerned with a redefinition of painting, with transgression rather than proscription (Rewald & Spies, 2005, pg. 11). Crevel describes Surrealism beautifully as being for the mind a truly magnificent and almost unhoped for victory, to possess a new liberty, a leaping of the vision smashing the bars of reasons cage, and bird that it is, obedient to the voice of the wind (Crevel in Spalding, 1979, pg. 28).For Ernst, the innate opposition between meditation and action coincides with the fundamental separation between the outer and inner worlds (Ernst in Hofmann et al, 1973, pg. 23). It is here, Ernst believes, that the universal significance of Surrealism lies, and that no part in life is closed to it (Ernst in Hofmann et al, 1973, pg. 23). Ernsts art showcased his fascination with Surrealism through his many great works of art including Oedipus Rex and Lange du Foyer. Max Ernst Max Ernst was a German painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and poet.A prolific artist, Ernst is considered to be one of the primary pioneers of the Dada movement and Surrealism. He was born in Bruhl, Germany. In 1909, he enrolled in the University at Bonn to study philosophy but soon habituated these courses to pursue his interest in art. In 1913 he met Guillaume Apollinaire and Robert Delaunay and traveled to the Montparnasse Quarter in Paris, France where a gathering of artists from around the globe was taking place. In 1919 he visited Paul Klee and created his first paintings, block prints and collages, and experimented with mixed media.During human race War I he served in the German army and after the war, filled with new ideas, Max Ernst, Jean Arp and social activist Alfred Grunwald, formed the Cologne, Germany Dada gr oup. Constantly experimenting, in 1925 he invented frottage, a technique using pencil rubbings of intentions. Following the outbreak of World War II, Max Ernst was detained as an enemy alien but with the assistance of the American journalist Varian Fry in Marseille, he managed to escape the country with Peggy Guggenheim. They arrived in the United States in 1941.Living in New York City, along with Marcel Duchamp and Marc Chagall, fellow avant-garde painters who had fled the War in Europe, Max Ernst helped inspire the use of Abstract expressionism among American painters (Camfield, 1993). Ernst turned away from the idea of the artist as creator as well as from the myth of artistic talent. For Ernst, the artist is only indirectly liable for the creation of the work of art The old view of talent has been thrown out, just as the adoration of the hero has been thrown out (Spies, 2006, pg. 27). A sense of humor permeates his canvases and collages, none more so than in his renditions of natural phenomena. Interested in plants and in their life cycles, he permits his sense of the mythical to prevail. Trees gods, spirits and rattling(a) animals are everywhere in his canvases(Stern, 2009).Oedipus Rex Oedipus Rex was one of Ernsts first paintings in which he was able to successfully transfer the techniques of combination, assemblage and collage to large-scale painting. The envision is given the impression of a collage by the use of hard outlines and the dry appearance of the paint (Bischoff, 2003, pg. 3). Gimferrer notes that Ernst was able to expound the conception, mechanics and techniques of collage. His collages were able to keep back the principle of the union of two dissociated situations in the strictly Dadaist or Surrealist manner. This technique seems to stem from Max Ernst and is applied to the very nucleus of consciousness and to the notion of personalised identity (Gimferrer, 1983, pg. 5-6). The spatial situation of Oedipus Rex is, to around extent, unclear due to the initial context of the picture. Here objects differing in scale are arranged in a setting indicated by architectonic elements.A device for marking chicks is pierced through a hand extended through a window and through the shabu it is holding. The nut, which has been cracked open, resembles an eye, bringing to mind Luis Bunuels film Un Chien Andalou. Two birds are to be seen looking out of a hole in the stage in the foreground, prevented from withdrawing their gallery by palings and length of string (or halter) tied to the horns of one of them (Bischoff, 2003, pg. 23). Bischoff claims, the desire for forbidden fruit (indicated by the hand which has reached for the nut) and wonder (for the birds have put their head through the opening in rder to see something) are immediately punished (Bischoff, 2003, pg. 23). Schneede, on the other hand, understands Oedipus Rex as being held in check by a halter and by palings. He says that living creatures exist in a rigid state of suspended animation and that the saw cleaves no trace of justify marks behind (Schneede, 1972, pg. 50). Moreover, Schneede agrees with Bischoff, in that the cleaved nut resembles an eye, anticipating the opening sequence of Bunuels film, Un Chien Andalou.There are numerous allusions to the Oedipus legend of classical antiquity, says Bischoff, a myth, which has retained its validity throughout the history of mankind, for the motifs of vision, blindness and piercing, are all present (Bischoff, 2003, pg. 23). Although there are many understandings of this work of art, it can still be difficult to understand the nitty-gritty of it to the extent the Ernst had intended. For Spies, pictures such as Oedipus Rex compel us to search in vain for some key that might help us to explain them. And that in doing so, we get no closer to the meaning.He goes on to say that it is important to recognize that even precise knowledge of the sources Ernst made use of for his collages and painting s does not help us understand them, for he cut away and obscured the meaning of the original image in the course of making his own work (Rewald & Spies, 2005, pg. 4). Lange du Foyer Max Ernsts Lange du Foyer is another one of his ground breaking pieces in which a gigantic bird-like or dragon-like creature is launching into a terrible jump over a plain (Bischoff, 2003, pg. 60). The smaller secondary figure is trying to hold the monster back.The painting projects a vivid sense of danger and total destructiveness. The monsters violent nature is perfectly clear from its menacing claws, its fluttering garments in glowing colours, its expansive gestures, with its raised left hand making some kind of magical sign, and its enraged stomping in front of a low-lying horizon (Rewald & Spies, 2005, pg. 28). The gesture of the extended arms is more expansive but does not seem so menacing, inasmuch as it does not threaten to burst the boundaries of the picture. The monster appears not to b e playing so much as reacting to something.A number of details that Rewald pointed out are as follows On the creatures right foot in the Munich picture is a house slipper an allusion to the title Lange du Foyer (Fire Side Angle), whereas in the large canvas it is a horses hoof, suggesting the devil. His right hand, lacking the long claws of the other beast, still has some resemblance to human anatomy. His left arm, by contrast, appears to dissolve into vegetable forms. The fluttering drapery on this arm can be interpreted as an object it calls to mind a blood red executioners ax. And the monsters grimace is hideously repulsive.Thus, terror is not entirely banished from the smaller picture (Rewald & Spies, 2005, pg. 29). prone to an arm and a leg of the beast in the painting is a small, no less monstrous creature that seems more amphibian. Rewald describes the creature as having a gaping birds beak and long frog legs, she says that it combines irreconcilable elements of air and water (Rewald & Spies, 2005, pg. 29). In addition, the obviously female creature exudes a crude eroticism her thick thighs are spread far apart, exposing a button-like sex organ.And according to Rewald, it is impossible to overlook her obscene gesture, which has infuriated the trampling beast and caused him to leap so high (Rewald & Spies, 2005, pg. 29). Despite the individual differences, says Bischoff, all the themes and subjects of Max Ernsts work had a political dimension (Bischoff, 2003, pg. 57), none more so than his Lange du Foyer. This painting consisted of three versions, called the Angel of Heart and Home series. The Angel of Heart and Home is an ironic title, Ernst says, for a kind of juggernaut, which crushes and destroys all that comes in its path.That was my impression at the meter of what would probably happen in the world, and I was right (about WWII) (Ernst in Schneede, 1972, pg. 154). The monster is seen as being driven solely by an instinct for power, he represents a variety of governmental, military, and ecclesiastical authorities, crushing and killing everything that stands in his way, especially women. In 1938, Ernst gave the picture, for a time, the title The Triumph of Surrealism, a despairing reference to the situation that the Surrealists with their Communist ideas had been unable to do anything to resist Fascism (Schneed, 1972, pg. 54). Ernsts additions to Surrealism Max Ernst, a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and Surrealism has, through his art, brought us to a dream-like state time and time again. Surrealism is meant to bring us to our inner child, and exercise our imaginations. In practicing this discipline, Ernst was able to eliminate the notion of artist as creator as well as the idea of artistic talent. Through experimentation and his skillfulness, he was able to deliver us many great works of art, including Oedipus Rex and Lange du Foyer.Oedipus Rex was the first time Ernst was able to transfer the technique o f collage to a large-scale painting, and through this work he permeated the idea that the desire for the forbidden fruit or curiosity is, many times, immediately punished (Bischoff, 2003). With Lange du Foyer, Ernst deliberately made a reference to war, projecting a vivid sense of danger and destructiveness. He was able to bring his ideas on war to a surreal, phantasmagorical state. Oedipus Rex(1922) and Lange du Foyer(1937) are a couple of the most important additions to the Surrealist movement. Ernst, through these works, was able to establish many significant elements linked to Surrealism including the use of collage and bringing the audience to a dream like state with his overtly spine-chilling creations.References Bischoff, U. (2003). Max Ernst 1891-1976 Beyond Painting. (J. Harrison, Trans. ) Koln, Germany Taschen. Camfield, W. A. (1993). Max Ernst Dada and the Dawn of Surrealisn. Munich Prestel. Gimferrer, P. (1983). Max Ernst. New York Rizzoli International Publications Inc . Harrison, C. (2003). Art in Theory 1900-2000. US Wiley-Blackwell. Hofmann, W. , Schmied, W. & Spies, W. (1973). Max Ernst, Inside the Sight. Houton, Texas Institute for the Arts, Rice University. Rewald, S. , & Spies, W. (2005). Max Ernst A Retrospective. New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Schneede, U. M. (1972). The essential Max Ernst. (R. W. Last, Trans. ) London Thames and Hudson. Spalding, J. J. (1979). Max Ernst from the Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Jimmy Ernst. Clagary, Alberta Glenbow Museum. Spies, W. (2006). Max Ernst Life and Work. London Thames and Hudson. Stern, F. (2009, January). Surrealism The Alternate Reality. CPI. Q (Canadian Periodicals) .

In Making the Most of Foreign Factories by Kasra Ferdows (Notes)

* Not tapping into the full potential of foreign factories * Only use them for benefit of tariffs and trade concessions, chintzy labor, etc. * Some companies do use them to full potential and gain exponentially from it. * Use them for the previous reasons mentioned, but also to get closer to their node and suppliers, to attract skilled and talenterd employees, and create centers of expertise for the entire company. The answer for why these two approaches lies in the managers hands, which they have answered a simple yet fundamental research How can a factory located outside a companys home country be used as a war-ridden weapon not only in the markets that ir directly serves but also in every market served by the company? * Ex. Some managers adoptt consider manufacturing to be a source of competitive advantage, they will establish factories with a narrow strategic scope, which they provide those factories with limited resources. In railway line if they dothen they will be produc tive and innovative by achieving many goals. Lower tariffs atomic number 18 causing foreign plants to close * Increase in sophistication of manufacturing and product development and the growing importance of having world-class suppliers are causing more multinationals to place less emphasis on low wages. * Factories are being strategically placed in foreign countries where they can have the most advanced infrastructure and workers skills, rather than in the areas that offer merely the net wages. * Companies are concentrating production and development in the same organization. * Servers companies * Moving horizontally across the matrix

B.F. Skinner Theories of Language Development

address ripening is an authoritative aspect of sisterrens early development as it enhances the sense of belonging, develops confidence, gives them impropriety and independence as they start to grow. Also, it helps them to communicate, inter strike and associate with others in the society and therefore meet the neediness of the required cultural customs of the regions they live in. According to B. F Skinner theories, this development is strongly mutualist on the environment of the pip-squeak existence with learning and funding forming the core aspect of this early development (William & Ferguson, 2001).His theories indicate that new skills atomic number 18 attained either through operant or classical teach to the chela thereby deepening the effects that these conditions have on the spry environment of the boor. Responses that are supremely reinforced are easily repeated while those that are punished recur less oft in the tyke language and response development (David & C arl, 2004). Although skinners theories are seen to take less consideration of the essential ability of the tiddler to develop language to itself, they have been effectively applied to many tykeren all all over the world.Consequent researches indicate that the ready environment plays the main role in a childs language development which is the distinguish to future success at all times. Autistic children have difficulties in understanding the language, learning how to interact with others and may be characterized by unusual repetitive movements. Skimmer theories require that stimulation is used on these children for their language development to improve. Autistic children training through incontrovertible and negative reinforcement have indicated better levels of comprehension to their responses and sound development.Early stages operant conditioning As skinner theories suggest, language deficient autistic children requires much attention from their early stages of development compared to others. The family members and the mystifys in particular essential dedicate high attention to them with the aim of assisting their language development (William & Ferguson, 2001). During the instantaneous and cooing stage, it is hard to establish the children that are autisic but keen mothers can be fitting to tell if their children are deficient.Caregivers therefore, must assess and try to understand the child for early assistance to be availed thereby reducing late language development. The basic communication essence of the baby may be several(predicate) and the mother must adopt the correct rhythm to understand the child and making it comfort adequate. David & Carl (2004) notes that, crying changes with age as the child progresses while cooing starts at the age of six months. The voluntary behavior at this stage is therefore passing improved with the child being able to associate with specific aspects and people.Delayed creation and early generalization sh ould be slowly adopted by the mother and the immediate early caregivers to the child (William & Ferguson, 2001). Use of negative and positive reinforcement William & Ferguson (2001) argues that immediately after babbling, the parents and the caregivers should have fully understood the child status and then subject him to specific stimulus related to the most recurrent events like eating, suckle and his immediate people familiar to him.Teachers and caregivers should reduce the number of words and excessively minimize the rate of admittance of new words to the child. Increased personalized attention must be encouraged for the child to wrap up the new establishment necessary for his language development. Reinforcing stimulus should also be associated with the duration of time the child is taking to understand different aspects of the language (Wilma & Pauline, 2000). Negative reinforcement make ups the concentration for the child and reduces his unresponsiveness to different aspec ts relating to his requirements.The child easily identifies with the environment he is establish in and with advanced reinforcement, he may be able to increase his ability to identify more people apart from his mother. Besides, positive reinforcement should also be slowly introduced with care to gauge the child responsiveness to the different stimulus that relate to his immediate surrounding (David & Carl, 2004). Generalization and follow up. Children acquire the linguistic competences when they have access to languages environment either at home, school or playing with other children.The cultural organized activities serve as acquisition obtain system for the autisic child (Jeanine & Tony, 2007). Community and early childhood supporters must start from the general aspect of the child to the specific understanding where the child can be able to communicate freely with the rest of the people. They act as the mediators to the child language where self regulation based on the observed feedback is used to restore the progress (Wilma & Pauline, 2000).Though the phonology of the child may take longer compared to other children, pronunciation, intonation and rules for combining syllables because develop with this assistance. Others may have more difficulty with the semantics peculiarly for combined sentences. As indicated earlier, the efforts should be based on the basis of the immediate environment and more reinforcement emphasized for high-speed development. The motherese assistance should be extended even after the babies have exceeded the age for intensive care and support from the mother and the caregivers.Training and assessment. According to William & Ferguson (2001), autisic children requires more assistance through training for their language to fully develop and be able to communicate comfortably with others. The child having grown and being attended to by his teachers, the extended mands are important for the child to achieve higher levels of understa nding during its later development. The teachers therefore, must comprehend the child condition and increase the personal assistance in the quest for this development.Assessment at this stage assist the caregivers and the trainers to understand the level of the child response in relation to different aspects that surround him. To add to that, reinforcement should be heightened to raise the child response and intrigue its ability for better comprehension. Turn about strategy should be employed especially for the children with severe autisic conditions. The subjects should be changed for the child to comprehend issues and language commands.Playing mode should be increased to assist the child to easily comprehend interconnections between personality, emotions and other requirements of interaction in the society faster (Jeanine & Tony, 2007). Behavior modification. Advancements are attained with the childs mental development with time and therefore, the caregivers and the society should increase the call for behavior modification in the child response and language progress. Previously, negative reinforcement are employed with punishment being associated to the injure actions.Modification calls for shift in the application of the reinforcement mode for the children where good actions are encouraged through positive reinforcement that are healthier by providing the child with appropriate behavioral guidelines. This method benefits the child and the parents as well as the society where the impacts related to the children behavior are positive. Autisic children respond faster and positively to the positive behavioral modifications application and may serve to increase their ability to fully develop their language (David & Carl, 2004).People in the immediate surrounding of the child, must however conform to the positive reinforcement method to reduce confusion to the child. Jeanine & Tony (2007) notes that, new ideologies and language aspects are been easy to learn f or the child at this stage due to changes in the approach mode and application of the positive reinforcement. However, skinner theories do not address clearly how lack is related to reinforcement in the child language development especially for the children with language learning disabilities.Identification of these reinforcement have lacked the the accuracy and completeness which establishes the beginning and the exact ending period of the process. Also, reinforcement should include simplistic and wide applicable procedures with the autisic children requiring specific directional and circumstantial application of the theories (Wilma & Pauline, 2000). Conclusion. As supported by the paper, application of the Skinners theories is highly effective for the autisic children in developing their language for their communication and easier relationship with the society.Through understanding of the process, the immediate caregivers of the child must assist the autisic child to develop the language faster. The child entirely depends on them and the society in the last mentioned years for language and other physical development. Assistance to the child must be extended to the immediate teachers who handle the child and the change of negative reenforcement to the positive one (William & Ferguson, 2001). Environment of the child especially the immediate children, caregivers and the society are required to offer maximum support to the child for better and faster development of his language.Finally, Cooperation of the people in the society is ac core part of the language development and their connection is of great importance for these children to develop their language with ease. References. David, P. & Carl, C. (2004). Behavior Analysis and Learning. Washington. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Jeanine, M. & Tony, D. (2007). Models of Teaching Connecting Student Learning with Standards. new-made York. Sage. William, T. & Ferguson, K. (2001). The Psychology of B. F. Skinne r. New York Sage. Wilma, V. & Pauline , L. (2000). Handbook on Child Development. New York. Thomson Learning Nelson.

MDG Presentation Essay

ABSTRACTThe immensity of Information engineering science (IT) bearnot be over empha coat as it is in truth necessary in wholly becomes of life Agriculture, Health, Education, Security, Entertainment etc. It provides new opportunities for improving performance and strategic private-enterprise(a)ness. However, few organizations start out victorfully grasped the opportunities enabled by IT, largely due to their limited ability to evaluate the impact of IT on securely performance and ignorance. My Industrial prep atomic number 18 Programme has exposed me to the IT industry with hands-on practical experience on computer engineering and parcel development.The practical side of computing ordure be seen everywhere. Nowadays, practic all(prenominal)y every unity is a computer substance abuser, and many people atomic number 18 even computer curriculummers. Getting computers to do what you want them to do requires intensive hands-on experience. But computer skill can be seen on a high level, as a science of problem solving. Computer scientists must be adept at mold and analyzing problems. They must alike be able to design solutions and verify that they are correct. Problem solving requires precision, creativity, and scrupulous reasoning. Computer science also has strong fall inions to separate disciplines. Many problems in science, engineering, health care, vocation, and other areas can be solved effectively with computers, precisely finding a solution requires two computer science expertise and existledge of the particular application domain. Thus, computer scientists often become proficient in other subjects.COMPANY penABOUT CONNECT TECHNOLOGIES LIMITEDIn 1986, the founder had a dream and the sway to deploy Information Technology Solutions and participate actively in the Nigerian Economy. His mission then, was to exploit the untapped resources of the nations Information Technology (IT) Industry. With over 100 man-years cognate professional ex posure amalgamate in, Connect Technologies Limited was in 2000 incorporated as a leading specialist IT Solutions Provider.GOALOur clients success is our growthMISSION STATEMENTConnect Technologies Limited is dedicated to accomplishment of its vision andmission by applying the following value chain approachCustomer Focus Customer First Philosophy We allow work diligently to understand our clients IT needs, and strive to meet or exceed their expectations, using the topper work approach.Our People Connect Technologies care Team is its greatest asset. The Team understands the Nigerian IT needs and challenges in the competitive global economy.Commitment To provide the highest level of commitment to quality dish up and products to our customers.CAPABILITY STATEMENT viewConnect Technologies entry into the information technology industry is backed with more than 100 man-years of cognate and pertinent professional experience of its leading practitioners.Connect Technologies profes sional and managerial manpower base, no doubt, represents one of the best in the industry today. Working in collaboration with our technical partners in Nigeria, AsiaIndia, Europe and the USA, we possess the energy to design, supply, install LAN-based/multi-tier use software, train, and maintain Byzantine information technology frames, both domestic and overseas.VISIONTo be and remain a leading IT Solutions Provider with capabilities to innovate and deliver functional hi-tech package projects with utmost benefits to all clients.Our concept of customer satisfaction is derived from the fact that we aspire to reduce our implementation down date to the barest minimum maculation increasing our clients productivity at least cost to them. skipper SERVICESConnect Technologies practice and fetch on the business of Informatics and Information with particular reference book to all related activities and trade in the Information and communication theory Technology (ICT) industries an d services involving Software outgrowth and computer sturdyware configuration solutions.The core service is focused on business of design, and development of Information Technology Knowledge Infrastructure projects with particular reference to the design of diligence Software and Solutions and interfacing them with Local Information Infrastructure (LII), discipline Information Infrastructure (NII) and globose Information Infrastructure (GII).As professional IT trainers, Connect Technologies organizes and manages special I.T Seminars, Workshops and Conferences for corporate organizations e particularly the banking industry for the theatrical role of upgrading the knowledge and operational expertise of Informatics Technology.The customized training embraces in-house training on Information Technology and Communications Technology especially Internet Development and Operation Training.CORE COMPETENCECapabilitiesDesign, automate, Integrate, fend for and Manage complex technolo gy-driven Application Software formations Our Solutions are 100% indigenous effort.Human ResourcesHighly skilled Software Development & writ of execution TeamSolutions & ServicesLAN Groupware Applications and SolutionsInternet Solutions & Web Portal DesignDesign and introduction of Local & Wide Area NetworksOffshore Software Project DevelopmentTechnical TrainingFacilities ManagementProject ManagementEXPERTISEConnect Technologies Limited has strong foundation in Infrastructural, Financial, Technical, Product and trade Resources. Today, this expertise in Retail Banking Consultancy, Software Development, Networking and other services pass on benefit major banks and business organizations all over the country.CONNECT TECHNOLOGIES SOLUTIONSEPortal Solutions green light eGovernment Operation SolutionsEnterprise Educational Portal SolutionsEnterprise parentage Intelligent SolutionsEnterprise Campus-wide Knowledge SolutionsEnterprise Recruitment SolutionsEnterprise Cooperative Financ ial (CoopFinance)Web-based Financial Application knowing to automate all Cooperative activities from Member Registration, Savings & Loan Application, Approval Process and refund Processes, Journal Posting, Account Management, Pool Fund Management, Payable & Receivables (Members & Third Party).Enterprise Banker (CT2001)Banking software specially designed to automate all banking activities, from banking needs of retail customers, routine banking needs of investments and trade-finance activities to full body exercise report summary.Enterprise Stock MasterStock Application targeted towards mid-ranged stock and Stock Brokerage, Financial and Investment Houses in its scope. It is specially designed to automate all stock activities, from shareholder registration of clients and stock needs of investments and trade-finance activities to full activity report summary.Enterprise Inventory/Payment strategyEnterprise Manufacturing and Inventory reason is designed to optimise theefficiency of Trading/Sales Network, Sales Warehouses and Manufacturing capability. It is a complete Manufacturing/Inventory System With Customer Support System, Financial Management System, Inventory maintain System Including Sales, Purchase, Bills Receivable and Payable, Income and Expense maintenanceWith various useful Reports.Money conveying Management SystemsMTMS, version CT2003 is a full Multi-Currency Solution targeted towards commercial banks, Merchant banks, Savings and Loans, Financial, Passenger calling Systems and Investment Houses. It is specially designed to automate all online money transfer activities, from sending and receiving of money to satisfaction of accounts and full activity report summary. The Application is secure and reliable.Digital Image / Account Security SystemDigital Image / Account Security System is an application designed to monitor customers accounts and provide adequate Account Security through Digital Image Capturing and Confidential Data Protection. study PROJECT REFERENCESS/NClientNature of ProjectStatus1NITDASupply of e-Learning Application System to RITCCompleted2NITDAICT Consultancy on Development of Computer Network Security Standards Completed3NITDAPart of Consortium of ICT Consultants that developed Framework Architecture and Standards for e-Government Applications Completed4Shell-East Cooperative Investment Limited, PHIT Financial Consultant, Deployment and Implementation of Enterprise Cooperative Financials Software Completed and is be supported5NITDAICT Consultancy & Implementation of eGovernment Project for Federal Government Completed6NITDAe-Government Workflow PS-NET Pilot Application deployed at FMST, Presidency, National Assembly, Finance Ministry, BOF (Budgets Office), Civil Service Commission, EFCC, PARP and Ministry of Education Completed7Akwa-Ibom State GovernmentICT Consultancy on model Park ProjectCompleted8Trithel International ConsultingE-Business Solutions (e-commerce portal)Completed9Akwa Savings & Lo an Uyo, Unical companionship Bank Calabar, Olomi Community Bank I ickyan, Karakata Investment Limited Ogbomosho, Aniocha Community Bank etc Deployment of our Enterprise BankerCompleted and is being supported10Riggs Securities, LagosDeployment of our Enterprise Stock Master SolutionsCompleted11Toyota Nigeria LimitedE-Business SolutionsCompleted12Henrich Boll Foundation, Socio Economic Rights Initiative, NOTAP (National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion), ITAN (Information Technology Association of Nigeria)13SIM Registration with Chams PlcCompletedPROFILE OF KEY PERSONNELCHRIS UWAJE (FNCS, FIAP)Born in Lagos, Nigeria, 4th August, 1951, Christopher Uwaje (FNCS, FIAP) is the Principal Consultant, principal Software Architect and Chief Executive Officer Connect Technologies LimitedCTL. He is the Originator/Pioneer of National Information Technology Policy for Nigeria. Guest Student on Informatics, University of Hamburg, polish of Informatics, British Institute of Eng ineering Technology and Control Data Institute, Frankfurt, Germany.Post Graduate Qualifications.Over Three Decades of on-the-job IT Practice as Computer Scientist airing across three continents (Europe/Africa and America), specializing in IT-Strategy Consulting incorporating SIT Park project conceptualization, design, implementation, project management and Technical Support. Software Engineering Solutions Research, Design and Development (RD&D). Special Professional focus National & Regional IT Policy arrange Chairman, Council for West Africa Information Technology Professionals (CWAITP). Immediate Past President of Information Technology Association of Nigeria (ITAN) and initiatory Vice President of Institute of Software Practitioners Association of Nigeria (ISPON). Member, National Inter-Ministerial Committee on Software development.PROFESSIONAL CREDENTIALS AND ASSOCIATIONSGraduate of Informatics, British Institute of Engineering Technology and Control Data Institute, Frankfur t, Germany. Post Graduate Qualifications. IMMEDIATE-PAST PRESIDENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIA (ITAN) IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT INSTITUTE OF SOFTWARE PRACTITIONERS OF NIGERIA (ISPON) fellow traveller NIGERA electronic computer SOCIETY NCS)FELLOW INSTITUTE OF ANALYSTS AND PROGRAMMERS. U.K.FELLOW INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PROFESSIONAL OF U.K.MEMBER COMPUTER PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATION COUNCIL OF NIGERIA.(CPN) MEMBER INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST, BRITAIN.PAST PRESIDENT ROTARY INTERNATIONAL rule 9110, NIGERIA.OLUYINKA TANIMOWOBorn on March 14th 1971 in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Happily married with two lovely daughters and one handsome boy.B. SC (Hons), Computer Science (First Class Honours) from University of Benin, Benin-City, Edo State (1993)AWARDS ruff graduating student in Faculty of Science during 1992/1993 Academic Session Best student in Computer Science during 1992/93 SessionBest student in Computer Science during 1991/92 SessionNigerian Breweries PLC, sugar Winner, 1991/92 SessionBest student in Computer Science during 1990/91 SessionBest Student in Mathematics. 1988 (Secondary School)EXPERIENCE SUMMARYOver 10 years of active Software Development.Hardware/OS Platforms Have worked on various platforms that range from DOS, Windows 3.x, Windows 95/98, NT/Win 2000, Advanced waiter 2002 and higher, Windows XP. Software/Internet Technologies Experienced with the following VB.Net, ASP. Net, C, Visual C/C++, MFC, ActiveX Controls, Visual Basic, HTML, ASP, DHTML, VB Script, JavaScript, XML, CGI, JAVA, Windows NT, Client/Server Software Development, TCP/IP, ODBC, MS SQL Server, COBOL, MS Visual SourceSafe. Others Object-Oriented Analysis & Design (OOA & D), UML, Rational Rose & exigency Analysis.CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONTherefore, students most especially in higher institution of learning are expect to have an Industrial Training experience in order to improve their practical skills in their divergent course of study and also be compute r literate.1.1 Industrial Training Program.Industrial Training program provides pre-professional work experience with specific assignments and responsibilities.An Industrial Training should be relevant to a students personal career interests and academic courses of study, serving as a bridge between university and the world of work. productive Industrial Trainings help students to prevail informed decisions and improve their marketability after graduation.1.2 Objectives of Industrial Training.To provide avenue for students in higher institution of learning acquire industrial skills and experience in their various course of study.To fasten students for work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.To expose students to work methods and techniques in discourse equipment and machinery that may not be available in the University.To make transition from University to the world of work easier and therefrom enhance contests for later job placements.To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledgein solid work situation, thereby bridging the gap between University work and actual practice.To enlist and strengthen employers involvement in the entire educational handle of preparing University graduates for employment in the industry.1.4a Brief History of Connect Technology Ltd.1.4b social organisation of the Company.1.4c Training Procedure of Connect Technology Ltd.At Connect Technology Ltd is a perfect categorisation of theory and practical works also the implementation of web-based instructions to enable students on Industrial Training get a grip of whatever is taught.Connect Technology Ltd is a highly organized hard that not only satisfies clients but also ensures that students learn a lot that pertains to their course of study.1.4d Features of Training Methodologies.Assignments At the end of each lecture, students are to do their assignments and submit. Scores maybe awarded to keep obligate on cash advance level of st udents.Seminars This is an interactive forum where students including staffs come together to talk about works they have executed, siting the challenges and also make plans for further works or projects.Textbooks Students are allowed to go through the firms liberation and read more pertaining to what has been taught.Internet Students are also minded(p) the opportunity to go online to read up on different topics, which may not necessarily be what have been discussed at work but must be relevant so as to add more knowledge to the student.CHAPTER 2 break away DONEThe first day of work at Connect Technologies Ltd was on the 3rd of August, 2012. I was arrestn an orientation in the company by one of the staff by name Pius Ekeh Junior, he told me of the rules and jurisprudence of the company, showed me around different social occasions in the company, the services they render to the society, and he also gave a job description, and all that is expected of me during my Industrial Attach ment.I was assigned to the hardware department, where we did jobs like formatting a system unit, ghosting of hard drives, coupling system, changing of damaged motherboard components and repairs of computer if the need arises, among others.Every Friday, everybody including staffs and IT students are enjoined in a seminar where they are given appraisal on works done during the week, discuss on challenges encountered during the weeks work and plan ahead for further jobs and projects.Monthly, I assist my colleagues in disk cleanup, disk fragmentation, antivirus update, and also give a well detailed report to the staff in charge of IT (Industrial Training) students.During the first week, no such(prenominal) work was done since I was new in the company, but as time went on, I was been estimate on computer basics, how to use Microsoft, WordPad, Command Prompt, Viruses, Malware, Spyware and how they affect the computer system.I also learnt on the comment of disks, their different types w hich are Basic and self-propelling disks, their uses, and how to convert from one form or state to some other i.e. converting a disk in its Basic state to a Dynamic disk or from its Dynamic state to a Basic disk. plough CLEANThis is a process where the computer gets rid of irrelevant programs from itsmemory. It is used to clear unused lodges on the hard disk and offers more options than just emptying the cycle bin but also detecting temporary internet files.Files such as temporal office setups and old restore points can be removed in one operation, this also offers more tractability for file removal.To do this Right hound the My Computer Iconthence Click on Properties succeeding(a) Click Disk CleanupTick the items to be removedSelect Yes to confirm deletionThen Click Ok to finishBy these actions, the files are removed from the hard disk and the spaces occupied are being freed.RECYCLE BINWhen a file is deleted from the computer, it is not completed deleted from the computer in stead it is deliver in the Recycle Bin, where it can be restored should in case it was deleted by mistake.Only when a file is deleted from the Recycle Bin, is it permanently deleted from the computer.The Recycle Bin should be emptied on a regular basis.SCAN DISKThis is used to check the integrity of the file systems, also to scan the physical hard disk for bad sectors. These bad sectors can lead to data loss or corruption and this is one of the first signs of falling hard disks.When bad sectors are detected, Scan Disk attempts to repair these sectors mark them as UNUSABLE.GHOSTINGThis room creating a clone of its contents so that they may be transferred to a different and larger sized hard disk. It is not strictly the corresponding as copying, but rather a means of accessing files and software without having to go through all the trouble of reinstalling them.Ghosting is typically done on a computer so as to upgrade it to a larger hard disk. It is also very important to note that when doing this both hard disks should be compatible, in terms model and brand. It is sometimes calledCLONING.CONFIGURATION OF SYSTEMSSystem configuration is the process of setting up the hardware devices and assigning resources to them so that they work together without conflicts.A properly set up system will allow the user avoid resource conflict problems, and makes it easier for the user to upgrade the system with new equipments in the future.An improperly configured system will lead to storage errors and problems, and make upgrading very difficult.Steps in Setting up or Configuration a Computer.Power on the ComputerOn Set up window, accept country or region, time, currency and keyboard layout Click beside seize the license terms required to use your computerClick NextEnter username and password, then choose a default picture for the use account Enter computer name e.g. Helen-pcClick Next and click on Ask me again if any message comes up Here set time and date time zoneFinall y click on StartAfter configuration of the computer, the user can now allow the window to check the performance of the computer and prepare the desktop.At this coalition the user can install and download any necessary applications that are needed on the computer.UPGRADING WINDOWS XP to WINDOWS 7.It is the same steps taken when configuring a computer the difference is that during the configuration, the following are done Insert the OS cd for Windows 7Restart the computerWhen prompted to boot to boot from CD, it any key on the keyboard to hold on Then all the instructions carefully and you will have your Windows XP upgraded to Windows 7 After that install the drivers and applications that are necessary to help the user work conveniently on the computer.ACTIVATING WINDOWS.Activating Windows is necessary for Microsoft to know it is a genuine version of the Operating System. It also aids in upgrading any Operating System to any version.These are the steps requiredClick on the Start but tonRight Click on My ComputerSelect PropertiesClick on Activate WindowsFollow all instructions including the EULA agreementYou will need to type the product key of the computer and it is always at the top of the system unit After that you will be required to wait for some minutes so that Windows can be activated.TROUBLESHOOTING OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM.Troubleshooting is a process of determining the cause of, and ultimately the solution to, a problem.It is a form of problem solving, most often applied to repair of failed products and processes. It is a logical and overbearing search for the sourceof a problem, so that it can be solved, and so the product or process can be made operational again.It is also needed to develop and maintain complex systems, where the symptoms of a problem can leave many possible problems. By applying a logical, consistent method to the troubleshooting process, you make your work easier, and shorten the time it takes to discover the root of the problem.Acqui re information about the problem by questioning the user and identifying any change the user has made to the computer lately. In acquiring the information, you will find out that sometimes the user has the problem. Some complain of not being able to connect to the internet or not being able to use the printer and applications.All that is needed is to check the machine which ever it is and try to proffer a solution.

Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of tom turkey sawyer beetle Whether or not some have film the restrain, Mark Twains The Adventures of Tom Sawyer has been write numerous times in social media. It has been used in media in such formats as movies and cartoons. Because of this, many believe Tom Sawyer to be a childrens view as, while others believe it to be a much literal adult influenced novel. With the many distant influences such as religion, writing styles, and the authors opinions it brush off be argued that Mark Twains The Adventures of Tom Sawyer can be seen as either a childrens book or an adults novel.Many believe it is more suited as an adult book. The Influence of religion in any storyline can affect the piece greatly. If we maintain the implicit conjunction between the Bible and Toms books, this can be read as a very serious evaluate of the abuses of religion (McIntosh-Byrd 15). In his critique, Byrd states how religion is often seen as the only right smart to go. Many dont know a ny unlike and therefore Byrd believes the book to be more centered on religion and its constant critique. The fact that both of these scenes take typeset within the church in indicative of an implicit critique of the role of religion in St.Petersburg (McIntosh-Byrd 15). once again here Byrd says that religion has changed the storyline somewhat. Because of these reasons it can be argued that Tom Sawyer is more suited for adults because adults can understand what Twain was trying to say more and he knew this by the dash he wrote. The different writing styles in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer change the audiences that the story appeals to. These defects of structure would probably not jimmy the flexibility of the narrative, its easy, casual gait. (Doren 431).From this view, Mark Twains The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, can be seen as more of a childrens book because of its easy going nature. The lack of responsibility in this book translates well to children. But Toms energy did not las t. He began to think of the fun he had planned for this day, and his sorrows multiplied. (Twain 12) Many be without responsibilities and hope to never gain any. Mark Twain drives with careless, sagging reins, exactly he holds the general direction. (Doren 431) Twain keeps a general hold on the story but he allows the characters to roam bout freely, which makes it more kid friendly, in the sense that the kids want to feel like they are truly in charge. And when the middle of the afternoon came, from being a poor, poerty-stricken boy in the morning, Tom was literally rolling in wealth. (Twain 15) The different writing styles affected the story in one way but at the comparable time it can affect it in the other opposite direction. On the other side of the spectrum, this book can be seen as an adults novel found on the writing styles evident in the text. Twain borrowed its structure from several literary genres popular in the United States during the late nineteenth century Local color-fiction, Juvenile fiction, sentimental romance, and the dime thriller (De Santis). Adults can insure a lot more styles in books such as these. The Adventures of Tom SawyerRepresented an feat to cultivate the gentled, eastern-seaboard audience currently enthralled by local-color fiction. (Baetzhold) Again here critic has noticed the said(prenominal) trend. Local-color or regional literature is fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters of a story.This is evident in De Santis critique of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Noticing the authors opinions the reader can tell whether they meant for their book to be a childrens book or an adults piece of literature. It had no history, and no future, existing in the framed bookends of the authors comments at the beginning and end of the tale. (McIntosh-Byrd 15) Twains opinions about the way things should be in society affects the story. Say another writer had written about the exact same topic it would be completely different. Twain put a lot of his own thoughts and beliefs into his story. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is an extremely difficult work to approach analytically because it is so embedded in the authors own childhood. (McIntosh-Byrd 13) It has been argued that the town of St. Petersburg in the story was Twains interpretation of his childhood hometown. Uncertain whether it should be aimed at a youthful or an adult audience, Mark Twain once more subaqueous in the shadow the realistic aspects of puberty, removing portions of the book which might offend younger readers. (Baetzhold) if Twain didnt rack up these portions f the story it would have definitely been focused towards a more mature audience. Since he did it is more appropriate that The Adventures of Tom Sawyer be focused more on the youthful audience. With the many outside influences such as religion, writing styles, and the authors opinions it can be argued that Mark Twains The Adventures of Tom Sawyer can be seen as either a childrens book or an adults novel. The book was originally written as an adults novel, but over the years since it has been written it has slowly been more closely analyzed as a childrens book.