IT Enters a New Learning Environment Essay Example for Free

IT Enters a New information Environment EssayIt is most secondful to see efficacious models of schooling culture that is ideal to achieving instructional goals by dint of preferred application of educational engineering science. These be the models of Meaningful Learning, Discovery learning, Generative Learning and Constructivism.Meaningful LearningIf the traditional learning surroundings gives stress focus to rote learning and simple memorization, meaningful learning gives focus to new experience departs from that is related to what the learners already knows. New experience departs from the learning of a sequence of words but attention to meaning. It assumes that Students already have some knowledge that is relevant to new learning. Students are wiling to perform class work up to find connections between what they already know and what they piece of ass learn. In the learning shape, the learner is encouraged to recognize relevant face-to-face experiences. A rewar d structure is set so that the learner will have both interest and confidence, and this incentive system sets a positive environment to learning. Facts that are subsequently assimilated are subjected to the learners understanding and application. In the classroom, hands-on activities are introduced so as to simulate learning in day-to-day living.Discovery LearningDiscovery learning is differentiated from reception learning in which ideas are presented directly to student in a well-organized way, such as through a detailed set of instructions to complete an experiment task. To make a contrast, in discovery learning student from tasks to uncover what is to be learned. New ideas and new decision are knuckle underd in the learning process, regardless of the need to move on and depart from organized setoff activities previously set.In discovery learning, it is important that the student become individual(prenominal)ly engaged and not subjected by the teacher to procedures he/she is no t allowed to depart from. In applying technology, the computer can present a tutorial process by which the learner is presented key concept and the rules of learning in a direct manner for receptive learning. precisely the computer has other uses rather than delivering tutorials. In a computer simulation process, for example, the learner himself is made to identify key concept by interacting with a antiphonary virtual environment.Generative LearningIn generative learning, we have active learners who attend to learning events and generate meaning from this experience and draw inferences thereby creating a personal model or explanation to the new experience in the context of existing knowledge. Generative learning is viewed as different from the simple process of storing information. Motivation and righteousness are seen to be crucial to this domain of learning. The area of language comprehension offers examples of this type of generative learning activities, such as in writing para graph summaries, developing answers and questions, drawing pictures, creating paragraph titles, organizing ideas/concepts, and others. In sum, generative learning gives emphasis to what can be done with pieces of information, not only on access to them.ConstructivismIn constructivism, the learner builds a personal understanding through appropriate learning activities and a good learning environment. The most accepted principles constructivisms are Learning consists in what a person can actively assemble for himself and not what he can receive passively. the role of learning is to help the individual live/adapt to his personal world. These two principles in turn lead to three practical implications the learner is directly responsible for learning. He creates personal understanding and transforms information into knowledge. The teacher plays an indirect role by modeling effective learning, assisting, facilitating and encouraging learners. the context of meaningful learning consist s in the learner connecting his school activity with real life. the purpose of education is the acquisition of practical and personal knowledge, not abstract or universal truths. To review, there are common themes to these iv learning domains.They are given below Learners are active, purposeful learners. set personal goals and strategies to achieve these goals. make their learning experience meaningful and relevant to their lives. try on to build an understanding of their personal worlds so they can work/live productively. build on what they already know in order to interpret and suffice to new experiences.LB6 IT Enters a New Learning Environment.Effective teachers best interact with students in innovative learning activities, while integrating technology to the teaching-learning process.In Meaningful learning* Students already have some knowledge that is relevant to new learning * Students are willing to perform class work to find connections between what they already know and what they can learn.In Discovery learningIdeas are presented directly to students in a well-organized way, such as through a detailed set of instructions to complete an experiment or task. In applying technology, the computer can preset a tutorial process by which the learner is presented key concepts and the rules of learning in a direct manner for receptive learning.In Generative LearningActive learners who attend to learning events and generate meaning from this experience and draw inferences thereby creating a personal model or explanation to the new experience in the context of existing knowledge.Motivation and responsibility are seen to be crucial to this domain of learning.In ConstructivismThe learner builders a personal understanding through appropriate learning activities and a good learning environment. Learners are active, purposeful learners. Set personal goals and strategies to achieve these goals. Make their learning experience meaningful and relevant to their live s. Seek to build an understanding of their personal worlds so they can work/live productively. Build on what they already know in order to interpret and respond to new experiences.

Car Accident Essay Example for Free

Car Accident Essay scratch is nice man and a hard worker, scarcely he is careless about his married woman and family, his wife Carteria take care all the housework, he has been two month did not go home , he was on a business trip, when he arrived at home, Carteria is not at home , he look at his watch , it is already seven pm, Carteria should be at home with diner really. He makes a phone call to his wife, only if no one pick up. He grap a buttle of water mock up on sofa turn on the TV wait his wife to lift home. he is tired from the work. Eventually he fall in sleep on sofa.When he wake up it already ten am at morning and he realize Carteria has not come home. He start to worry about her, keep calling her but no one pick up the phone. It was never happen befor, he try to find any number relate to Carteria,except her number he pile not find anything, all the number are about his work, what is happen to her, he start nerves. He never care about her like that. He just tell h imself she is going to be ok, she may just hang out with some friend, and forget about time, because Peter is not with her all the time, perhaps she just feel longly sometime.All he has to do just be patience wait. He decide to sit on sofa to release his nerves, at same time he turn on the TV, he peer at photo just on the TV stander, he never complete there is a photo. The picture is he and Carteria with lovely smile on the park. A news attract his attention, it is a car accident happen on a few block a way from his home yesterday. Oh no no no, not her Peter say . A 42 years ancient man die in the accident he shut off the TV and say thanks god it is not happen her he feels so release, he take out photo album and look at it.It remind his good memory with Carteria. He has been long time did not go out with his wife. Now he think about when she come back, he going to have a trip with her. Suddenly the door is open Carteria come back, Peter stand up from sofa and walk to the door, lo ok at her with a happy face, he wants to say happy to see you again, but he does not finish what he say, because Carteria s face looks so sad something bad happen to her and the face can tell she has been cry, the tear still on her eyes.Then Peter just say Hi what is happen to you he does not answer it. She just take off her shoes, where have you been ? Peter say, she does not even look at him and walk straight to the room lock the door. Peter can hear Carteria is crying so hard in the room. Peter has no idear what is going on. He knock the door what is happen to you Peter aim, she does not answer it. Peter sits beside the door, wait when she gets better come out and ask her what happen about her. How long has she cry, peter can not remember Carterian come out ,she still does not talk to peter.She gets in to the car, peter sit beside her. Carteria drive the car. Finally they arrived at a funeral, whom funeral is that say peter. The most of member are his family and friends. When t hey walk close, Peter shock by the funeral. That is his own funeral, his name on the tombstone. Carteria cry again. Flash back Peter suddenly remember the car accident happen a few blocks a way from his home. It is he on his way go home hit by a car, and Carteria spend all night with him. He does not know she love him so much, but right now he has no chance to love her back.

Student Handbook University of Luxembourg Essay Example for Free

Student Handbook University of capital of Luxembourg EssayWelcome to the Faculty of Law, Economics and finance of the University of Luxembourg. Dear Student, I should like to wee this opportunity to welcome you to the University of Luxembourgs check gradation channel in bill and canvass. You boast do an excellent choice The academic tame class in Accounting and inspect has been developed for you in offendnership with leading academics and practiti oners.The academic curriculum offers scientifically based in-depth knowledge of all medical specialist argonas that are relevant to accounting and analyzeing practice, without neglecting the practical relevance of teaching content or the preparation of candidates for the credit line market. Students complemental the form course acquire the expertise to solve practical problems on a scientifically sound basis. Candidates aiming to obtain the avocational qualification of reviseur dentreprises leave hold up completed the theoretical make up of their training on a high academic level when they graduate.This Masters programme offers great advantages in terms of succeedingly blending a professional or academic career, generally because many relevant companies and important organisations are based in Luxembourg. This handbook is stilbesteroligned as a reference document for Master of Accounting and canvas students. It gives you general development about the programme and procedures and points you to other places for further information and advice. Use the handbook as the initial source of information and guidance. I do hope you provide have an enjoyable and rewarding time and worry you the very best for your future studies.Yours faithfully, Dr Anke Mu? ig Associate Professor of scrutinize Academic Director Contents A. Study rules .. 1 A. 1 A. 2 eye socket of applicability . 1 Programme overview .1 A. 2. 1 invention of the programme . 1 A. 2. 2 Structure of the programme .. 3 A. 2. 3 Mod ules of the programme 4 A. 2. 4 Path to the reviseur dentreprises 7 A.3 Mobility 8 A. 3. 1 familiar information.. 8 A. 3. 2 Erasmus .. 9 A. 3. 3 Global exchange programme .10 A. 3. 4 Luxembourg grading system and international correspondences .. 11 A. 4 Charter of rights and duties of students . 11 A. 4. 1 Attendance/punctuality/class behaviour.. 11 A. 4. 2 Student evaluation of courses 12 A. 4.3 Students rights 13 A. 4. 4 Students duties .. 14 A. 4. 5 Treatment of fraud .. .. 15 B. Examination rules. 16 B. 1. tell . 16 B. 2 B. 3 B. 4 B. 5 B. 6 B. 7 B. 8 B. 9 Nature of examinations 16 Admission and examination committee . 20 Admission to examinations 21 Grading of examination performance . 21 Fraud or attempted fraud 24 Absence from an examination .. 25 Re-examination .26 Re arranging examination . 26 B. 10 Master thesis .. 26 I B. 11 Academic degree .. 27 B. 12 Appeals procedure .. .27 C. Study guide .. 28 C. 1 Communication . 28 C. 1. 1 Communication with fellow members o f the Faculty 28 C. 1. 2 Communication with academic staff . 29 C. 1.3 Moodle the e-learning platform . 29 C. 2 General information about studying at the University of Luxembourg . 31 C. 2. 1 Academic calendar 2012/2013 .. 31 C. 2. 2 Class representative and Luxembourg University Student Organisation (LUS) . 32 C. 2. 3 Administrative steps regarding the diploma ..32 C. 2. 4 Other recyclable information .. 33 C. 3 Rules and advice on seminar typographys and other examinations.. 34 C. 3. 1 General information .. 34 A. 3. 2 The oral presentation of your paper . 35 C. 3.3 Your written paper.. 35 C. 3. 4 Non-plagiarism statement 37 C. 3. 5 Possibilities for conducting research . 37 C. 4 The Master thesis . 40 C. 4.1 Research .. 40 C. 4. 2 The proposal 40 C. 4. 3 The role of the supervisor 44 C. 4. 4 Student responsibilities. 45 C. 4.5 Structure of the thesis .. 46 C. 4. 6 Format 51 C. 4. 7 Submission .. 52 C. 4. 8 FAQ 52 E. APPENDIX . 55 E. 1 E. 2 Admission requirements . 55 Refer encing with the Harvard method 56 II Master in Accounting and Audit A. Study rules A. 1 Area of applicability.This document defines the aims, content and structure of the Master in Accounting and Audit programme at the University of Luxembourg as well as the code of conduct for participants. The syllabus design and teaching for this programme are based on these study regulations. They provide the basis on which students plan their course of studies. They also complement the Examination Rules for the programme. A. 2 A. 2. 1 Programme overview Aim of the programme With the Master degree course in Accounting and Audit, the University of Luxembourg will assume the leading role in academic education in the field of accounting and audit.The degree course facilitates access for graduates to demanding roles in the corporate sector, in particular auditing, as well as an academic career. Accordingly, the degree course is committed to providing international training of outstanding academic q uality, which is relevant to practice and academic research. The Master degree course in Accounting and Audit sets itself away from the many degree and other training courses offered in the market by academies, technical universities and professional accounting associations, which are primarily geared to providing practice-based training for accountants and auditors.The authorized intense fight surrounding the training of accountants and auditors, which is being conducted at European and national level in the wake of the financial crisis and the associated failure also of accountants and auditors, categorically highlights the shortfalls of any training that at the theoretical study stage for accountants and auditors focuses exclusively on conveying practical knowledge.The Accounting and Audit degree course responds to this debate and offers scientifically based in-depth knowledge of all specialist areas that are relevant to accounting and auditing practice, without neglecting the practical relevance of teaching content or the preparation of candidates for the job market. The Accounting and Audit Master degree course in Luxembourg offers advantages in terms of subsequently starting an academic or professional career, mainly because many relevant companies and important organisations are based in Luxembourg.The University of Luxembourg has international links and closely cooperates with other universities in respect of this particular degree course (e. g. with the 1 Master in Accounting and Audit member universities of the Association des Formations Europeenes a la Comptabilite et a lAudit (AFECA), i. e. the University of St. Gallen (Switzerland), Leopold Franzens University in Innsbruck (Austria) and Friedrich Alexander University in Erlangen-Nuremberg (Germany)). This offers graduates direct opportunities for an international research career.Leading international accounting, auditing and tax firms such as Deloitte, Ernst Young, KPMG and PricewaterhouseCoop ers maintain key branches in Luxembourg. As part of the course, students also work with the European Court of Auditors. This is a specific benefit relating to the location and provides students with unique opportunities during their studies and in career terms on the Accounting and Audit degree course at the University of Luxembourg, scientific and applied training do not therefore conflict, but complement each other.The degree course is aimed at the following students The course attaches particular importance to research-based education. The course therefore provides optimal preparation for a subsequent doctorate in accounting and auditing. The course targets students who invite to specialise in the field of accounting and audit and aim for a career in finance or accounting or the financial guidance of companies after completing the course. The Accounting and Audit Master degree course is aimed at students who wish to obtain the professional qualification of reviseur dentrepr ises.The course offers optimum preparation for this professional qualification, as the teaching content required by the legislator for the theoretical part of the training is comprehensively implemented. In addition, courses of the formation complementaire des reviseurs dentreprises are integrated in the Master degree course. As a result, the course provides the most efficient access for achieving the professional qualification of reviseur dentreprises.At the same time, attendance of the courses relating to the formation complementaire des reviseurs dentreprises promotes networking by students with auditing professionals. The programme is also aimed at students who wish to become auditors in another EU member state. It provides optimum preparation for the professional aptitude test (often also referred to as audit exam) in the relevant EU member state. All specialist subjects are taught which are tested in the professional aptitude test under EU Directive 2006/43/EC. 2.Master in Ac counting and Audit A. 2. 2 Structure of the programme The Accounting and Audit Master degree course is geared to comprehensively implement all legal provisions in terms of the content, scope of training and minimum ECTS units. As part of the studies, courses must be taken in the core specialist subjects of accounting and audit and in the accessory specialist subjects. The core and supplementary subjects comprise a total of 109 topics. For a detailed module and course description, see the Module and Course Catalogue.In addition to the obligatory modules, students have the choice between three different elective tracks. Each track consists of 11 ECTS units and one must be elect in the first semester of the programme TRACK 1 additional specialist subject of Luxembourg mandate This elective track is the module ASS redundant Specialist Subject of Luxembourg Legislation, which in turn consists of six courses. These courses are offered as part of the formation complementaire des revise urs dentreprises. 3 Master in Accounting and Audit .TRACK 2 contextual studies The purpose of this specific concept is to impart an innovative competence profile, which is to qualify students for demanding management and subsequent leadership positions in companies or the academic sector. TRACK 2 consists of three modules Management Skills, Reflection Skills and Intercultural Skills. Each module consists of one or more courses. several(predicate) courses will be offered every semester. TRACK 2 is nonionized in close cooperation with the Chambre de Commerce du Luxembourg to guarantee a strong practical predilection and high standard of the courses.In addition to the official diploma from the University, students who successfully complete one or several courses will receive a protection from the Chambre de Commerce and the University of Luxembourg with a detailed list of the courses attended. TRACK 3 Internship Students will be given the opportunity to gain practical experience du ring an internship in an audit or accounting firm. The internship must last at least 8 weeks. The students must critically evaluate the knowledge they have gained in a presentation and examination session with the director of studies at the end of the internship. A. 2. 3 Modules of the programme.The standard period of study on the Masters programme in Accounting and Audit comprises four semesters and 120 European Credit Transfer System points (ECTS). The programme leading to the award of the Masters degree is organised in modules composed of a certain number of ECTS credits. Each course has at least one ECTS credit. A credit corresponds to the provision of studies requiring between 25 and 30 hours of work. Each module has a maximum of 30 credits and is composed of one or more constituent units, referred to as courses. A semester typically equates to a workload of 30 ECTS units, totalling 60 ECTS units per year.The curriculum is pre-defined, and the courses you will follow result fro m the schedule. There is one fundamental rule concerning the acquisition of ECTS points in edict to receive the ECTS points students must successfully pass the specific module, i. e. ECTS units are only given per (successful) module. Students can compensate for courses that they have failed within one module (if they have achieved sufficient points in other parts of that module), so it is important to be aware of what constitutes a module. 4 Master in Accounting and Audit Modules and courses of the programmeModule Introduction to Accounting AFECA Intensive Programme Introduction to Financial Accounting and Bookkeeping Introduction to International Financial Reporting Selected Topics in Accounting Module Introduction to Audit Risk Management Internal Control Module Introduction to Law Introduction to Company Law Corporate disposal Civil Law and Commercial Law Module Statistics Statistics ModuleIntermediate Accounting Contemporary Issues in Financial Reporting and Audit Research ch emical group Accounting Accounting for Financial Institutions and the Fund Industry Managerial Accounting Module Intermediate Audit Auditing and Professional Skills International Standards on Auditing Module ripe(p) Company Law advance(a) Company Law ModuleCorporate Finance Corporate Finance Module Applied Econometrics Applied Econometrics Module Advanced Accounting Empirical Research in Accounting and Audit Financial Analysis IFRS Based Managerial Accounting Module Audit Simulation Audit Simulation 3 3 6 3 3 6 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 4 ECTS 6 2 3 3 Mandatory modules 5 Master in Accounting and Audit Module Conversion and Insolvency Law Conversion and Insolvency Law ModuleResearch Computing Research Computing Module IT and Computer Systems Financial Application software system Accounting Information Systems Module General Business Studies and Business Ethics General Business Studies and Business Ethics Module General Economics General Economics Module Additional Specialist Subject of Luxembourg Legislation Droit du travail et de la securite sociale Droit des assurances Comptabilite bancaireLegislation bancaire et des autres professionnels du secteur financier Droit fiscal (OAGW) / organismes de placement collectif Droit fiscal ModuleManagement Skills Leadership and Negotiation Module Reflection Skills Presentation and Rhetoric Skills Research Skills and Academic Writing Module Intercultural Skills International intent Management and Intercultural Management Module Internship Internship Module Master Thesis Master Thesis 18 11 4 Selective Option 3 2 2 3 Selective Option 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 Selective Option 1 4 4 2 4 2 3 6 Master in Accounting and Audit A. 2. 4 Path to the reviseur dentreprises Students completing the Master degree course acquire the expertise to solve practical problems on a scientifically sound basis.Candidates aiming to obtain the professional qualification of reviseur dentreprises will comprehensively have completed the theoretical stage of the ir training on a high academic level when they graduate and can immediately start the practical stage of their training. For accessing the profession of reviseur dentreprises, the candidate must complete four training stages.The professional qualification of reviseur dentreprises is granted to persons who 1. submit one or more Master certificates, whereby the holder of the certificate must successfully have completed certain specialist subjects and/or modules with a specific sight of ECTS units (credits, credit points). As part of the Master studies, he/she must successfully have completed courses in the core specialist subjects of accounting and audit and the supplementary specialist subjects (e. g. law, IT and computer systems, business studies and economics, corporate finance and mathematics and statistics) and achieved a specific minimum of ECTS units.2. 3. 4. have successfully completed additional training, which concerns legislationapplicable in Luxembourg. have completed pra ctical training on the job and have passed the professional aptitude test. The Accounting and Audit Master degree course implements the first and second training stages of the option for accessing the profession of reviseur dentreprises.Compared with the other options for accessing the profession and courses offered by other universities, the Accounting and Audit course qualifies specifically for the career of reviseur dentreprises in Luxembourg. During their studies, students acquire knowledge and skills in the core specialist areas of accounting and auditing as well as the supplementary specialist areas.At the same time, they expand their knowledge with additional information about the legal and administrative provisions which apply specifically in Luxembourg, given that courses of the formation complementaire des reviseurs dentreprises are integrated in the Master degree course.This means that the legal requirements regarding the content and scope of the theoretical training of r eviseurs dentreprises in the core, supplementary and additional specialist subjects are implemented in full as part of the course. 7 Master in Accounting and Audit Once they have graduated with a Master in Accounting and Audit, students can immediately go on to complete the practical stage of their training and then take the aptitude test for reviseurs dentreprises.Graduates are exempt from the additional aptitude test on the legal and administrative provisions which apply specifically to Luxembourg during their practical training on the job (stage) if the qualifying certificate is obtained during the Master degree course. Students have the option to complete the first, theoretical training stage and the second, additional training on Luxembourg legislation simultaneously. The Accounting and Audit Master degree course therefore represents an efficient option for entering the profession and is particularly suitable for students wishing to obtain the professional qualification of revi seur dentreprises in Luxembourg.

Understanding What Is The Sustainable Development Politics Essay

Understanding What Is The sustainable Development Politics Essaysustainable culture has been defined in m all ways, scarcely the roughly frequently quoted commentary is from Our Common Future, also kn have as the B go through and throughdtland Report1Sustainable information is victimization that meets the take of the present without compromising the ability of early generations to meet their own necessarily. It contains within it two key theorysthe model of needs, in particular the essential needs of the cosmeas poor, to which overriding priority should be prone andthe subject of limitations imposed by the state of technology and friendly organization on the environments ability to meet present and rising needs.All definitions of sustainable teaching train that we see the world as a system-a system that connects space and a system that connects time.When you cerebrate of the world as a system over space, you bear on to understand that air pollution from North Ame rica affects air quality in Asia, and that pesticides sprayed in Argentina could harm fish stocks off the coast of Australia.And when you think of the world as a system over time, you start to realize that the decisions our grandp bents made slightly how to farm the land continue to affect agricultural institutionalise today and the sparing policies we endorse today will have an impact on urban impoverishment when our children be adults.We also understand that quality of manners is a system, too. Its good to be naturally healthy, except what if you are poor and dont have access to education? Its good to have a secure income, but what if the air in your part of the world is unclean? And its good to have freedom of religious expression, but what if you cant feed your family?The concept of sustainable study is rooted is this sort of systems thinking. It helps us understand ourselves and our world. The problems we face are complex and serious-and we cant send for them in the s ame way we created them. But we can address them.This paper introduces two axioms that capture the idea of sustainable development, and characterizes the welfare criterion that they imply. The axioms require that n any the present nor the future day should play a dictatorial sociable function in societys choices over time.At the 1992 linked Nations Earth big top in Rio de Janeiro, sustainable development emerged as one of the nearly urgent subjects for supranational indemnity. nonpareil hundred and fifty participating nations endorsed UN schedule 21, proposing as part of its policy agenda sustainable development topicd on the satisfaction of basic needs in maturation countriesBrundtland Commission proposed that sustainable development is development that satisfies the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future. Brundtland (1987)The experimental evidence indicates that the present and the future are treated more even-handedly. Typically we do discoun t the future, but the trade-off in the midst of today and tomorrow blurs as we move into the future. Tomorrow acquires increasing relational importance as time progresses. It is as if we viewed the future through a curved lens. The relative weight given to two subsequent periods in the future is inversely related to their distance from today. (P.468)The two following axioms are non-dictatorship properties. Axiom 1 requires that the present should non dictate the outcome in disregard for the future it requires aesthesia to the welfare of generations in the distant future. Axiom 2 requires that the welfare criterion should not be dictated by the long-run future, and thus requires sensitivity to the present. (P.469)Handbook of Sustainable Development Planning Studies in Modelling and Decision SupportEdited by M.A. Quaddus M.A.B. SiddiqueThe concept of sustainable development gained its currency with the exit of Our Common Future by the cosmos Commission on environment and Deve lopment (WECD) in 1987. It emerged from recognition of the need to of importtain a balance amongst economic development and environmental protection and to ensure intra- and intergenerational justice. Before the 1980s, a mono-disciplinary approach was applied to define economic development. Economic development basically meant carry on increase in per capita income. For example, in 1957, Meier and Baldwin defined economic development as a process w here(predicate)by an economys real national income increases over a long period of time (Meier and Baldwin, 1957, p. 2). This notion of development was prevalent among many of the third world countries until the end of the 1960s. However, during the last quarter of the twentieth century, a multi-dimensional concept of economic development was developed. One of the shortcomings of defining economic development in equipment casualty of sustained increase in per capita income is that it fails to accommodate the question of distribution of income. It was believed that the distributional aspect would be taken care of by the trickle-down effect of offset. However, by the end of the 1960s, it became clear that economic development over a long period of time in many of the developing countries failed to bring about the trickle-down effect. A new environmental and social dimension of development, referred to as sustainable development, emerged in the 1980s. The first formal definition of sustainable development is found in Our Common Future, where it is defined as a process that fulfils present human needs without endangering the opportunities of future generations to fulfil their needs (WECD, 1987, p. 43). (P. 3)However, since the publication of Our Common Future, the concept of sustainable development was further modified and extended by development economists. In Caring for the Earth (IUCN/UNEP/WWF, 1991) sustainable development is defined as an improvement in the quality of human life while living within the carr ying power of supporting ecosystems. It should be noted here that improvement in the quality of human life subject to environmental or ecological constraint is the main reduce of this definition. Although the seminal definition of sustainable development by the WECD has been widely quoted by many, the precise meaning of sustainable development and the ways to achieve it have always been matters of intense debate among researchers and policy-makers. The main criticism directed against the notion of sustainable development perceived by two the WECD and the UNCED ( coupled Nations assemblage on Environment and Development) is that it is very broad and general. The lack of a universally acceptable definition makes the task for sustainable development planners difficult. Moreover, very often the objective of sustainable development is not clear. The implication of this is that the gap between theories (that is, the definition of sustainable development) and the actual application of sustainability to reality becomes particularly significant. This further resolves in many difficulties in the formulation of policies to plan sustainable development. As a result there is a demand for more precision in order to make sustainable development planning more consistent and efficient.Sustainable Development in Tribal and Backward AreasKohli, Anju, Shah, Farida Chowdhary, A.P. (Eds)., 1997 advanced Delhi, Indus Publishing CompanySustainable development is a development process that only generates economic growth but distributes its benefits equitably, that regenerates the environment rather than destroying it, that empowers people rather than materializing them. It is a matter of distributional equity between present and the future. It is intrinsically inexact concept which cannot be measured but can be a general imbibe to policies that which cannot be measured but can be a general guide to policies that have be with investment, conservation and resource use. In short , sustainability is an injunction not to satisfy ourselves by improvising our successors. It is an obligation to conduct ourselves so that we leave to the future the resource or the capacity to be as well off as we are. P. 14=============In the developing world at least a billion people live in abject poverty for which no justification can be made. They have not have the benefit of growth. Unfortunately, they have no real choice except to burn their forest and to overuse their land and their resources just to secure a livelihood. P.194The only important point to consider is the polluters must(prenominal) pay principle. It should be obeyed within the rules of the game. Putting this responsibility on government is both time-con spiriting and economically a costly preposition. P. 195.It is true that the developed world has contributed out of proportion in this game of destruction. The stage started in the colonial era when vast amount of timber wood and mineral resources were tappe d. But the explanation of development after 1950 is even more hilarious. When large dams are erected or industrialization takes posture, apparently it is an indicator of economic growth. But in the long run these efforts require a closer scrutiny. The economics of large scale dam construction is in vogue and even the World Bank clan has go its hands on ecological grounds. Even the much lauded Green Revolution has degraded the quality of soil. Thus in fifties every new initiation or investment was an indicator of development. The end of twentieth century will like to rewrite the whole gamut of development economics. In todays economic thinking the propellent nature of economic activity is not profit maximization but creation of utility. P. 196The economics of conservation should be a part of the development process.Sustainable development has defined in the World Conservation Strategy (1980) as The management of the human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest s ustainable development to present generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations. P. 228In order to ensure long-term sustainability it is essential to ensure that the national social and economic policy framework is consistent with, and supportive of, the development objectives and implementation methods of social sector projects and programmes P. 228The problem of tribal development cannot be seen in isolation from mainstream development, except, the preservation and sensitivity towards their socio-cultural identity also cannot be overlooked.The challenge, at present, is to be able to recognize and understand the priorities and anxieties of the tribal communities. These arise from their shrinking economic pedestal due to massive felling of trees caused by commercial exploitation of forest wealth. More and more tribals are becoming alien in their own area. Our economic modernisation through construction of big power projects, o pening of mines and construction of large dams is leading to displacement and impoverishment of tribals. there is a need for having a comminuted look at all the ongoing tribal development programmes. The areas of strike will have to go beyond the conception and implementation of development programmes and projects to focus on getting sustained long-term benefits from investment. It is being seriously matt-up that while there has been emphasis on tribal development by both government and voluntary sectors, yet, it has rested only on project formulation and timely cost effective implementation of the development projects. The sustainability aspect of the projects has not received sufficient attention. P.229Productivity of land in tribal areas is poor and the agricultural out consecrate not sufficient. So they depend on cheap daily betroth labour and collection and sale of firewood from the forest to see them through the year until the next harvest.It is important to highlight that the problems of poverty, creation and environmental degradation are connect and the stark reality is that weaker sections of our Indian society still inhibit the areas of environmental degradation.The issue of sustainable development assumes alarming significance for the tribal areas because the human resources base of these regions is very weak to shoulder the development responsibilities. Literacy level among the tribal social groups of Rajastan is still around 20%. The tribal Sub-Plan Areas concept has, of course, implanted some tangible infrastructural masts over the whole TSP area during the last two decades. But the traditional socio-cultural fabric of tribal society perpetuates and still conditions the development parameters of the region spread over the 5 districts .. Tribal economy continues to be governed by fragile agricultural and beast husbandry activities. The economy of this region is groaning under the increasing pressures of human and animal population. Land hol ding size and forest covered area is dwindling, droughts and famines continue to reoccur frequently and the land productivity is yet to surge up to a overt level. Governmental initiatives in promoting the use of modern farm technology .do not seem to have established the roots in the tribal landscape. Even the poverty eradication programmes executed under the IRDP scheme are yet to show their glow on the faces of poverty stricken tribal masses. This region has rich mineral resource base but the industrial activities have not developed on a large scale. P.236Mineral and industrial development responsibilities are chiefly shouldered by the outside non-tribal entrepreneurial talents and the local masses are being engaged as wage laborers. Looking to the geophysical setup and the maturation population pressures, the secondary sector is expected to galvanize the tribal economy through the creation of larger and sustainable economic activities. However, as the situation exists today, n o perceptible indicators are visible on the horizon of tribal region. To be precise, the development experiences of last four decades lead us to surmise if the prevailing policy parameters are sustainable for the next century. What should be the thrust areas of development ? How could the tribals be roped in the development process for promoting a participative development model ? What strategic components of tribal development planning could prove viable in eradicating the problem of poverty on a sustainable basis ? These issues crave for the indulgency of academic world including the extragalactic nebula of economists as well as social scientists P. 237The panorama of unspent funds and under-exploited schemes persists because of the poor responses from the target groups. Geographical isolation has perpetuated tribals fear psychosis and as such, this society has yet to become vocal for claiming its active participation in the development process. The society has remained mute spe ctator to the manoeuvrability of outsider plunderers of the natural wealth of the region. P. 237The term sustainable development holds together two principles the first, development component concentrating on meeting the needs of the present generation the other, sustainable component limiting harmful make of human activities on natural environment so that the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is not compromised.Environmental degradation and health hazards are the by-products of economic and industrial activities due to mindless and ruthless exploitation of natural resources. Poor planning and perverted process of development for short-term gains has destroyed the physical environment. If poverty existed before the pre-planning era, it was the result of under-utilization of resources, but if poverty, unemployment and inequalities persist today, it can be regarded as the consequence of ruthless over-exploitation of natural resources which left the physical envir onment degraded.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmentIn 1987, the United Nations released the Brundtland Report, which defines sustainable development as development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The United Nations 2005 World superlative Outcome Document refers to the interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development as economic development, social development, and environmental protection.Indigenous peoples have argued, through various international forums such as the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Convention on Biological Diversity, that there are four pillars of sustainable development, the one-fourth being cultural. The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) further elaborates the concept by stating that cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature it becomes one of the r oots of development understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a inwardness to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence. In this vision, cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of sustainable development.Economic Sustainability schedule 21 clearly identified information, integration, and participation as key building blocks to help countries achieve development that recognises these interdependent pillars. It emphasises that in sustainable development everyone is a user and provider of information. It stresses the need to change from old sector-centred ways of doing business to new approaches that involve cross-sectoral co-ordination and the integration of environmental and social concerns into all development processes.Furthermore, Agenda 21 emphasises that broad public participation in decision making is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development. An unsustainable situation occurs when natur al capital (the sum total of natures resources) is used up faster than it can be replenished. Sustainability requires that human activity only uses natures resources at a rate at which they can be replenished naturally. Inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with the concept of carrying capacity. Theoretically, the long-term result of environmental degradation is the inability to sustain human life. Such degradation on a global scale could imply extinction for humanity.Consumption of Renewable resourcesState of environmentSustainabilityMore than natures ability to replenishEnvironmental degradationnot sustainableEqual to natures ability to replenishEnvironmental equilibriumSteady state economyLess than natures ability to replenishEnvironmental renewalenvironmentally sustainableThe sustainable development debate is based on the assumption that societies need to manage three types of capital (economic, social, and natural), which may be non-substitutable and whose consumption powerfulness be irreversible.The business case for sustainable development The most broadly accepted criterion for corporate sustainability constitutes a firms efficient use of natural capital. This eco-efficiency is commonly calculated as the economic value added by a firm in relation to its aggregated ecological impact.19 This idea has been popularised by the World descent Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) under the following definition Eco-efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the earths carrying capacity. (DeSimone and Popoff, 1997 47)Similar to the eco-efficiency concept but so far less explored is the second criterion for corporate sustainability. Socio-efficiency21 describes the relation between a firms value added and its social impact. Whereas, it can be assumed that most corporate impacts on the environment are negative (apart from rare exceptions such as the planting of trees) this is not true for social impacts. These can be either positive (e.g. corporate giving, creation of employment) or negative (e.g. work accidents, mobbing of employees, human rights abuses). Depending on the type of impact socio-efficiency thus either tries to minimize negative social impacts (i.e. accidents per value added) or maximise positive social impacts (i.e. donations per value added) in relation to the value added.Both eco-efficiency and socio-efficiency are concerned primarily with increasing economic sustainability. In this process they instrumentalize both natural and social capital aiming to benefit from win-win situations. However, as Dyllick and Hockerts21 point out the business case alone will not be sufficient to realise sustainable development. They point towards eco-effectiveness, socio-effectiveness, su fficiency, and eco-equity as four criteria that need to be met if sustainable development is to be reached..What is needed now is a new era of economic growth growth that is forceful and at the same time socially and environmentally sustainable.The concept of sustainable development calls for a constant re-evaluation of the relationship between man and nature, and solidarity between generations, as the only viable option for long-term development.Sustainable development is a bridge concept connecting economics, ecology and ethics,Environment degradation is a result of the dynamic interplay of socio-economic, institutional and technological activities.Possible intervention strategies1972, Stockholm UN Conference on the Human Environment that the international community met for the first time to consider global environment and development needs together.1992, 3 to 14 June Rio de Janerio, Brazil The Earth Summit United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). Agre ed to Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration.1992, December The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was created.1997, New York, Towards Earth Summit +52002, 26 August to 4 September Johannesburg, South Africa World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD).2012, 14 16 May Rio de Janeiro UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) or Rio+20. Also referred to as the Rio+20 Earth Summit,Agenda21Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and Major Groups in every area in which human impacts on the environment.Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the Statement of principles for the Sustainable Management of Forests were adopted by more than 178 Governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992.The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was created in Decembe r 1992 to ensure effective follow-up of UNCED, to monitor and report on implementation of the agreements at the local, national, regional and international levels. It was agreed that a five year review of Earth Summit progress would be made in 1997 by the United Nations General Assembly meeting in special session.The full implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the Commitments to the Rio principles, were strongly reaffirmed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, South Africa from 26 August to 4 September 2002.P.K. Rao, Sustainable Development Economics and Policy,New Delhi Blackwell Publishers, 2001The history of human civilization has been strongly interwoven with the history of climate and environment. Until recently, the climate and environment were seen as major determinants of the growth and stability of civilizations, and this was perceived as a one-way effect. However, the impact of civiliza tion or human influences on the climate and the environment is now seen to constitute a serious problem. This is because, in the uphill new scenarios, two-way interactions seem to exist between climate-environment, and human activities. We are entering the 21st century amid such potential for combined interactive effects. There is a significant need for an analysis of the underlying factors and their potential mitigatory alternatives. This analysis could lead to improved and pragmatic policy framework. P. 3Dresner, Simon. 2005. The Principles of Sustainability. London Earthscan Publications Ltd.. contain ReviewAt a time of increasingly rapid environmental deterioration, sustainability is one of the most important issues facing the world. Can we create a sustainable society? What would that mean? How should we set about doing it? How can we bring about such a profound change in the way things are nonionic?This text tackles these questions directly. It goes beyond rhetoric to explai n the deeper issues of sustainable development in a way that seeks to be accessible and interesting to the non-specialist reader. It covers historical development of the concept of sustainability contemporary debates about how to achieve it and obstacles and the prospects for overcoming them. The work should be useful to students, academics and activists concerned with sustainable development. It assumes no previous knowledge of the subject.We should live sustainably has become central to environmental discussions. P.1The concept of sustainability in something like its modern form was first used by the World Council of Churches in 1974. It was proposed by Western environmentalists in response to developing world objections to worrying about eh environment when human beings in many parts of the world suffer from poverty and deprivation. The concept of sustainable development was put forward by International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1980. Sustainability and sustainable development finally came to prominence in 1987, when the United Nations World Commission on Environment and development, chaired by former and later Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, published its report Our Common Future. The central recommendation of this document, usually known as the Brundtland report, was that the way to square the circle of competing demands of environmental development. They defined it as development that meets . their needs. They wrote that sustainable development was about both equity between generations and equity within generations. P.1Different people use the term in different ways, some emphasizing development through economic growth, and others emphasizing sustainability through environmental protection. Some environmentalists have claimed that sustainable development is a contradiction in terms, can be used merely a cover for proceed to destroy the natural world. On the other side of the debate, some economists have ar gued that sustainable development is too cautious about the future, potentially leading to sacrifices of economic growth for the sake of excessive concern about depletion of natural resources. Defenders of the concept argue that disagreement about sustainable development does not show that it is meaningless. Rather, it is a contestable concept like liberty or justice. P.2The sustainability debate is not just about environment and growth.Although sustainability is often presented that you should not destroy the basis of your own existence it is more a question of equity. Concern about sustainability must be based on moral obligations towards future generations not just own(prenominal) self-interest. Brundtland Commissions conception of sustainable development brought together equity between generations and equity within generations. P.2The dispute between environmentalists and economists over sustainability is not just about the capacity of technological progress to substitute for natural resources. In the absence of sufficient understanding of the natural environment and of the capacities of future science and technology to deal with any problems, it involves disputes about how to deal with indeterminate risks. Economists tend to average out such risks in their calculations, burying worst-case possibilities in the average, or often even ignoring the possibility that things magnate turn out worse than they expect, so tending to advocate risky approaches to environmental futures. Environmentalists instead highlight worst-case outcomes and suggest that extra efforts should be taken to fend off them.There are parallels between the risky approach that economists take with the future and their lack of support for egalitarianism in the present. Both are a result of the assumptions of the utilitarian philosophy underlying mainstream economics, which is indifferent to the risk of very bad outcomes for some individuals in the present or everyone in some alternative futures. roughly contemporary environmentalists are more left-wing, and it turns out that there is a real philosophical parallel between their interest in equity to future generations and equity within generations. Drawing on the theories of the philosopher John Rawls, I will suggest that there are very sever tensions between the utilitarianism basis of mainstream economic and sustainabilitys concern for equity within and between generations. P. 4.Malthus on PopulationMalthus argued that the tendency of population towards geometric growth meant that it would always outstrip the growth in food supply. The population was controlled by misery and vice. The standard of living of the labouring classes always hovered around the minimum necessary for subsistence.The World Summit on Sustainable Development took place in Johannesburg in 2002 as a sequel UNCED, ten years on. It was supposed to be more about development than environment, as Southern countries had felt that UNCED was more abo ut environment than development. On both counts, though, it was a disappointment. The lack of substantial progress at the World Summit showed that global political efforts to bring about sustainable development had run out of steam, even as the environment continues to deteriorate. P.59Sustainable development is a meeting point for environmentalists and developers. the term sustainable development lay in the way that it could be used both by environmentalists, emphasizing the sustainable part, and by developers, emphasizing the development part. The definition given by Brundtland Commission, is often criticized as hopelessly vague or non-operationalizable. In his essay, ORiordan expressed the concern that the vagueness of the definition would allow people to claim almost anything as part of sustainable development, reducing the term meaningless. P.64The identification of sustainable development with the growth agenda has made radical environmentalists deeply suspicious of it. P.65 Sustainable development is a contestable concept one that affords variety of competing interpretations or conceptions. These concepts have basic meanings and almost everyone is in favour of them, but deep conflicts remain about how they should be understood and what they imply for polity.That something is a contestable concept does not mean that it has no meaning at all.Brundtland seems to be identifying the crucial elements of sustainable development asmeeting basic needs,recognizing environmental limits, andthe principles of intergenerational and intragenerational equity. P.67The goal of development was first formally enunciated by President Truman in 1949. The objective was generally seen in terms o

Need And Benefits Of Work Life Balance Social Work Essay

Need And Benefits Of Work Life Balance Social Work EssayIntroductionWork liveness equilibrize has become the hot bed around the world. In the United Kingdom, a high level of support has been given to devise conduct balance. Employers theorize people brush aside only give topper performance when they can strike a balance of do and animateness. In the United States, more than grandeur has been given to subject emotional statespan balance, it has accounted for more than two-thirds of call on characteristics that has been rated by look backed companies which they think to be absolutely essential to attract and retain the talent. (Michaels, Handfield- Jones Axelrod, 2001)In Hong Kong, a survey is conducted on imprint manners balance has indicated that more than 80% of employees being interviewed and they study considered dally conduct balance as important to them and only little then 50% of them said that they were able to achieve it.Literature ReviewOver the by de cades, balance amidst take a shit at and other factors of life has been make much difficult which happened due to changes in technology, demographic work hurtle and business environment. It is now become a challenge for modern employees to achieve work life balance without jeopardizing their healthful being and satisfaction with other aspect of the lives and overall quality of life. Technological advancements, like mobile phones, internet, thrust enabled people to conduct work anywhere and at any beat, whether they argon on holidays or flying on planes. Furthermore the use of computers has changed their lives as people ar taking their work to home. commodious workings hours now becomes a norm in legion(predicate) countries worldwide. Which have indirectly increased the workload, long hours culture and job insecurity?Over the past decades, the employment of women has increased substantially. In some developed economies, women argon occupied half or more of workforce (Interna tional Labor Office 2007). In 2005, roughly 88 million women whose ages lie between 20 to 64 were employed in the United States, which was the 50.8% of the total workforce (US Census Bureau, 2005) and 70.9% of the women were participated in repulse force in 2005.Work Life BalanceWork life balance was first used in the late 1970 that actually describes that the several(prenominal) has a own(prenominal) life too. Work and life balance is important and it should be rule in way that increases satisfaction. Individuals individual(prenominal) life in which family, friends, love, play etc comes.Work life balance is about people manage the difference between work and life. How they manage work and life. Work life balance is important only in the framework of what fraternity does for the individual worker.The work life balance however is a two pronged approach, it is achievement with enjoyment. If the employee is giving his best input to the transcription but non really enjoying the same then happiness then satisfaction can not be achieved.Work life balance does not mean only balancing the profession and family, it factor balancing the mental and status quo and balancing the emotional intelligence. Organizations alleviate their employees via implementing work life balance and training. at that place is a life at home and at work and life having space for leisure time. If the employee work life is imbalance then it effect comes on productiveness means productivity is declining and efficiency level is too decreasing, the imbalance work life has a negative touch on in professional and person-to-person life. Imbalance work life results in absenteeism, turnover, less committed to organization.Employee retention is seriously important for organizations. Now organizations are focusing on grooming their employees and treating them as human capital of the organization.Thats why companies most of the companies are implementing work life balance by facilitating part time work, work at home, attend come across via video conferencing, can do job sharing.Work life and personal life are two sides of the same coin. tally to various work life balance surveys, more then 60% respondents said they are not able to find the balance between them. They have to make difficult conclusiveness between work and personal life. But now it is close to equilibrium. Traditionally managing a balance between life and work was considered to be a womans issue but increasing work pressure, technological changes and globalization have made this issue for male and female, all professionals working across all countries. Achieving a balance work life is not simple as it seen.Personal life and work life both are inter-connected and interdependent and doing long hours job, dealing with clients, deadlines in jobs can interfere and affect the personal life of an individual and sometimes it becomes difficult to maintain the relationship. On the other side, personal life can al so be demanding such as kids, wife, parents and relatives, giving them time is very important. If not managing then it leads to absenteeism form work, stress level increases and concentration on work diminishes.The work life balance conflict occurs when burden, obligations and responsibilities and family roles becomes incompatible.Need and Benefits of Work Life BalanceToday the deadlines of work are getting tighter and its really much difficult for an individual to achieve it. Due to these deadlines it becomes difficult to maintain a family life. It is difficult to have engagement of min with the engagement of body. In every individuals life there are four stakeholders- his or her personality, family, job and the society.It is very important for an individual person to give equal importance to all stakeholders (personality, family, job and society) and then an individual can term as successful person. When a life is imbalance then happiness, peace and harmony of life vanishes and it has a negative impact on work life too. So it is very important to avoid imbalance of life. The transition of work life imbalance and work life balance has negative and domineering impact on organizations success.On an individual level work life balance bring phenomenal changes in his life and also have impact on society. A balance work life results in good health, stress level decline due to health levels and can derive more value form work and life and which leads to satisfaction and self actualization.At the organizational level, balance work life enables productivity and efficiency and employees becomes more inventive and derive more satisfaction. Employee better communicate and do better teamwork in a working environment. Work life balance leads to fully enjoying the work and which increases displeasure for it, which results in employees commitment level increases and thus develops a strong value system.Advantages of Work Life BalanceMany organizations such as IBM, Merrill Lynch, Pfizer and Accenture have introduced work life programme within their companies to help their employees to achieve effective balance between the work and personal life because they believe that it makes good business comprehend to provide such programmes to their employees due to financial and non-financial benefits that can be reaped.Policies and practices of work life balance are good for business there are many benefits for the business who have utilize it.The one of the most important advantage of work life balance is that employee feel satisfaction because of managing the work and life.Organizations implement work life balance in order to attract or retain talented employees.This work life balance was implemented by organizations to decrease the labor turnover in the organizations.It increases the productivity in the organizations because of the work life balance.When people are satisfied with their life as nearly as work means they have kept the balance between work and personal life, which results in less absenteeism in the organization.It increases the overall profit in the organization because of balance between work and personal life.Organizations implemented work life balance then it increases overall profit in any organization as employees are working hard to increase productivity.Employees are loyal where organizations have implemented work life balance.An overall more enjoyable workplace as all employees are achieving and enjoying.Employees give best input to organization as they are happy with their life and work balance.Work life balance initiates an individual to give his best input to organization and work hard to achieve organizational goals and provides innovative ideas and thus organization rapidly grow in the direction of success.When an individual has work life balance then he or she can better know how to spend the time.Employees less miss the time as they have well manage the work and personal life.Depression is a condition o f mental disturbance and when employees work life is balance and he or she can suddenly manages everything.Individual have other things to do in life then work which is as playing, giving time to family means spending time with the family, encounter with friends etc. So work life balance is very important in individuals life.There are many responsibilities of an individual such responsibility parents, wife, children and as well as of society so work life balance is very important in respect to managing these multiple responsibilities at a time.Companies who have implemented work life balance programme, they have reduces the health cost as employee have to work less and thats the reason they have good health.According to the Corporate Executive Boards Research, effective work life balance encourages workers to work harder and discourage them for leaving the job.The worker can easily meet the need of family, personal obligations and the life responsibility.Employees are more committ ed to organizations who have implemented it.Employer can recruit outstanding or talented employees in the company.Implementation, Effect and Results of work life balance in PakistanImplementation, Effect and Results of work life balance in PakistanThe Unilever Pakistan LimitedThe Unilever Pakistan Limited, formerly Lever Brothers Pakistan Limited was established in 1948. Unilever Pakistan is one of the largest fasting moving consumer goods (FMCG) company in the Pakistan and has a multinational operational network.The Unilever Pakistan Limited has implemented work life balance to facilitate their employees to enjoy and improve productivity in the organization.Unilever, Pakistan has given employees the chance to work flexibly through different schemes which is as part time job, work at home and job sharing.They have change the way they work in past. But now they avoid travelling to meetings which cost money and it also impacts the environment and takes the people far out from home. T hats why they have introduced effective ways to communicate through new generation video conferencing, virtual meetings, videophones and online collaboration environments.In the result of work life balance implementation in Unilever, Pakistan employees are more committed, highly satisfied and loyal to the company and have less turnover.Procter Gamble, PakistanProcter Gamble, Pakistan was established in 1991 and is global consumer goods company which is locally operating in a Pakistan that provides premium quality product for their consumers.Procter and Gamble has implemented work life balance. According to their view, they believe that work life balance is as important as the performance. They have fitness clubs, days-off to work from home programmes. They are giving special consideration to working mothers. In results of implementing the work life in Procter Gamble employees are more productive which translates to success.Telenor PakistanTelenor Pakistan is owned by the Telenor G roup and is an international provider of voice, data, and content and mobile communication service.Telenor has implemented work life balance which they believe is critical to their business success. They have provided in-office facilities to their employees such as gyms, game rooms and cafes to get relax at work and enjoy these facilities.The other organizations who have implemented work life balance in Pakistan areBankIslami Pakistan, Pakistan State Oil, Netsol Pakistan, bailiwick Bank of Pakistan, Pfizer Pakistan, Nestl Pakistan, State Bank of Pakistan, Daewoo Pakistan, Pakistan National Shipping Corporation, Standard Chartered Bank Pakistan, Pakistan Steel Mills, Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan, Pakistan, Pakistan, Gourmet Foods (Pakistan), State Life damages Corporation Of Pakistan, PEPCO Pakistan, Qubee (Augere Pakistan), Citibank Pakistan, United Energy Pakistan Limited, OCS Pakistan, Tetra Pak Pakistan, Mobilink Pakistan, PepsiCo, Chartis Insurance Company, Pakistan Water and Power Supply Authority, Roche Pakistan Limited, Publicis Pakistan, Engro Foods, The Coca-Cola Company, World call Telecom, Nokia, XavorConclusionWork life balance remains an important issue that requires considerable attention from organizations. right away many organizations operates 24/7 schedule and technological advancement has made it easy to connect all the time. Employers have found out that burnt-out employees are nearly useless while satisfied employees are the key to organizations success in future. To this ends, many organization has implemented work life balance programs to facilitate employees in handling conflicts that may arise between work and life. The work life balance programs incorporated at organizations providing the flexibility and support that help employees manage the complexities of modern life.Outcomes of imperfect Work life balanceStressThe number of employees suffering from many ailments including hypertension, heart attack, diabetes has grown in recent years, which worst complete by long working hours and stressful working hours.Relational ProblemsIf the employees spend more time in the workplace rather then spending time with the parents, spouses, children and family, can disturb the relationship as there is no longer time to give for these relations.Unethical PracticesTo handle the stress in the organizations as well as in the home, employees tend to adopt unethical practices such as smoking, drugs, improper relations etc.

The American Crocodile Essay -- Research Papers Crocodiles Animals Ess

The American Crocodile(Crocodylus acutus)Crocodylus acutus, or more commonly referred to as the American crocodile, is the second approximately widely distributed of the New World crocodiles, ranging from the s disc overhern tip of Florida, both the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of Southern Mexico, as well as the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola (1 Species). These beas provide the perfect humour for these endangered species that carry roamed the earth for over cc million years. Florida is known for its large population of American alligators, which are often confused for the rare American crocodile. However, there are vast differences between the two species. Hunted for their hides and the changing of their habitat to beach crusade property is slowly pushing the American crocodile out of Florida, the only place it is found in the United States. For 190 million years before the first humans evolved, huge populations of crocodilians, in more or less their present f orm, inhabited the waters and shorelines of rivers, lakes, swamps, and estuaries of tropical and subtropical lands. Today they represent the last true survivors of the huge reptiles that once dominated the seas and landmasses of Earth for over 200 million years (6 Levy). However, KIt is inappropriate to treat crocodilians as living fossils whose inferiority forced them into a marginal ecological role as amphibious predators in a world now dominated by mammals. In fact, they are highly specialized for their particular mode of life and have undergone considerable changes during their long evolutionary historyK (14 Ross). Among living vertebrates, crocodilians are most closely related to birds rather than to lizards (14). Even though these two groups are now adapted to different modes of life, they both have an elongate outer ear canal, a muscular gizzard, and complete separation of the ventricles of the heart. Crocodilians are the most locomote of all reptiles. They are elongated, ar mored, and lizard-like, with a muscular, laterally shaped tail used in swimming. The snout is also elongated, with the nostrils set to the end to allow breathing season most of the body remains submerged under water (42). The success of the Crocodile is evidenced by the relatively few changes that have occurred since crocodilians first appeared about 200 million years ago (42). The Croc... ...of Florida, both the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of Southern Mexico, as well as the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola (1 Species). The American crocodile is often confused for its cousin the American alligator the more aggressive and dominant reptile of Florida. However, there are vast differences between the two species. Hunted for their hides and the changing of their habitat to beach front property is slowly pushing the American crocodile out of Florida, the only place it is found in the United States. Perhaps with the continued efforts of FPL and CITES the American crocod ile will vex a more abundant species. Works Cited10B, Sunsentinal, July 4, 1992Curvier, 1807, www.bio.bris.ac.uk/research/crocs/csp_cacu.htmGatorland, www.gatorland.comGuggisberg, C.A.W., Stackpole Books, Pennsylvania 1972Levy, Charles, Quintet Publishing Limited, London, 1991McClure, Robert, Sun-Sentinel, August 13, 1995, 1AMiller, Jill Young, Sun-Sentinel, July 29, 1993, 1ERoss, Charles, A. Facts on File, New York, 1989Species Accounts, www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/herpetology/act-plan/cacut.htmWeinlaub, Dean, Sun-Sentinel, October 30, 1994, 6H

John Sirica and The Ammidown Murder Essay examples -- Law

When I discovered that my English class had to do a Research Paper, I became horrified. I thought students only did this when they were finishing graduate school not when they were starting their first year in college. All I knew about research papers was that there is an overwhelming amount of research to do. In my efforts to complete this obstacle and not bore myself to sleep with researching, I wanted to do an interesting return, just I had no idea where to begin. I spent hours going through a great number of subjects and people, but once I found topic remotely interesting, I could not find much information on the Library of Congress website. Therefore, I decided to choose one word that would hopefully lead me to an interesting topic. I set my search limits to manuscripts and searched the word murder. There, the first name at the top of the page was Sirica, John . John J. Sirica spent his younger years at Georgetown University studying law. He worked in a small law firm as an attorney, but became active in Republican ships company politics. In 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated him, as the chief judge for the U.S. District Court for D.C. Being chief judge Sirica did not use traditional methods in the courts, but instead used his own technique of getting to the bottom of the truth. He played a famous role in the Watergate Scandal and in the murder trial of Robert Louis Ammidown. Finally, I found an interesting topic that was worth sticking with. The court case United States v. Ammidown was fascinating to me, so I immersed myself into finding sources to support my research topic. I was able to find secondary sources on the Montgomery College Catalog and through Google News. The Free Lance-Star pertaining to the case ... ...tp//news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19711022&id=GfRNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=14oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3630,6511498 (accessed April 19, 2012).The police were on a search for Tony Lee who was accused of murder in the death of Lind a Ammidown.The Free Lance-Star (Fredericksburg), Tony Lee Convicted of Murder. May 25, 1972. http//news.google.com/newspapers?id=4NpNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2YoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2403,4982008&dq=tony+lee+convicted&hl=en (accessed April 4, 2012).This contains an article on the conviction of Tony Lee by the chief Judge John Sirica.The Free Lance-Star (Fredericksburg), Two Brothers Charged in Ammidown Murder. March 16, 1972. http//news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19720316&id=iqlWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0ucDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7421,2169052 (accessed April 11, 2012).Richard Lee and Ralph Lee were arrested and charged for the murder of Linda Ammidown.